A Stereotypical Media :: essays research papers

The media of todays society plays the peddler to the stereotypes that plague our country. However, the media is not solely to blame. Susan Sontag states in her try The Image World Through being photographed, something becomes part of a system of information, fitted into schemes of classification and storage(Sontag 196). Through our own demand as consumers, the use of advertise in television, newspapers, and especially magazines relays to the public an erratic system of stereotypical information. The system of information relayed through photographic imagery in advertising directly affects the thoughts of society, on how a cleaning woman should look and feel. Thus, mixing the stereotypical woman of delicacy, and grandeur with sex and sexuality. The vast amount of stereotypical advertising today is directed at the middle-class, American worker. This specification in advertising is due to the fact that the middle class workers are the main consumers. This idea is represented in the m agazine, Newsweek. Printed on April 3, 2000, Newsweek prints numerous articles of news that are not so focused and in-depth, but still contains valid consistency. The magazine is M/C Phillips, Page 2 truly well-kept to the middle class and so is its advertising. In the midst of clutter, from articles of political power, to the rise of the doughnut culture, sits an ad of poise and content. Posted by the Target Corporation, a stock tailored to the middle class, the ad displays, a very young, beautiful woman covered shoulders to toe in ivy, holding a rayon handbag. She is poised, illustrious and elegant, a reflect image of a statue. The backdrop of the image is calm, organized and serene. The ad reads ivy plant $6.99, rayon crochet bag $14.99(Newsweek 7). However, the ads imagery at origin glance does not fully portray the stereotypes within it. The appearances of stereotypes in this serene ad are hard to find, but are found deep in the text of the image. The apparent purpose of th e ad is to sell items such as a handbag, and ivy plants. However, the apparent does not relay the reality. The use of a womans stereotypical sexuality covers up the real with the fantasy. A stereotype as defined by the Module, Images of Women and Men, is viewed today as a do that distorts reality(Unger & Crawford 219). So in essence this is what the image, or the advertisement has done. Advertising takes the process of photography, and distorts its reality by applying such methods as stereotyping.

Ernest Hemongway His Life in his Works Essay -- Essays Papers

Ernest Hemongway His sustenance in his Works F. Scott Fitzgerald one time wrote in a letter to Maxwell Perkins, This is to tell you about a young man named Ernest Hemingway, who lives in Paris (an American)... Id look him up right away. Hes the real number thing. This is perhaps the most prophetic statement Fitzgerald ever make in his lifetime, because Ernest Hemingway was indeed the real thing. altogether months after that letter was written, Hemingways beginning book of short stories, In Our Time, was published, and so began the career of cardinal of Americasgreatest literary heroes. The plant that followed stunned audiences around the worldwith the clear, concise language that was used, and the elaborate details that every last(predicate)owedmillions of people an in deepness look into the life of an amazingly interesting man. However, the nonsuch achieved in his literature was always out of reach to the manhimself. But Hemingway was able to use his real life tragedies and make them intotimeless master flip-flops. That is why to this mean solar day it can be said that Ernest Hemingway isthe most influential American writer of all time (Turnbull, 167). natural in Oak Park, Illinois on July 21, 1899, Hemingway was raised to regardthe truelove of nature and the importance of spending time in the wilderness. This love ofthe outdoors, including fishing and hunting, becomes quite unmingled in his later pieces of literature. At the age of eighteen, Hemingway was stationed in Italy, during World War I, as a Red Cross ambulance driver. It was there that he first disappear in love with europium. He was immediately attracted to the beauty of the countryside and the elegance of the cultures there, and would later spend many years of his life on the continent. Herman Melville called the sea his Harvard and Yale, to Ernest Hemingway, the continent of Europe was his (Baker, 17).Not long after his arrival, Hemingway was wounded by an Austrian shell as itexploded nearby killing an Italian soldier, and blowing the legs off of other. Thedetails that followed induce been disputed, but one source states that Hemingway, withshrapnel embedded in his leg, carried two wounded soldiers to safety as machine gun fireripped through his already bloodied limb. It was at the hospital in Milan, while havinghis leg tended to, where Hemingway first fell in love. She was a Red Cross nurse more... ...ce slept, and to fish where he found the stay and serenity to write the perfect book. Hemingway has been imitated, but neer equaled, and it will probably be a very long timebefore we see another American with his talent, intelligence, and lust for life, emergewith a piece of writing that can thrill us like Hemingway can. Though biographicalinformation has been disputed (much out-of-pocket to the fact that Ernest was known for histremendous exaggerations), it has been said that to describe the truth (about Hemingway),you must first lo ok at his fiction. Hemingways life is in his books, and we all have the opportunity to read it (Miller, 181). Works CitedBaker, Carlos Heard. Ernest Hemingway A Life Story. New York, NY. Scribner. 1969.Loscalzo, Jim. Hemingways Cuba. U.S. News and World Report. 26 May 1997. Vol. 122, P. 62.Miller, Louis M. Hemingway The Writer as Artist. Columbus, Ohio. 1983.Nelson, Gerald B. Hemingway, Life and Works. New York, NY. Facts on File. 1984. Sands, Garret. The Life and Times of Ernest Hemingway. San Francisco, CA. EliotPublishing. 1981.Turnbull, Andrew. garner of F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York. 1963. Ernest Hemongway His Life in his Works Essay -- Essays PapersErnest Hemongway His Life in his Works F. Scott Fitzgerald once wrote in a letter to Maxwell Perkins, This is to tell you about a young man named Ernest Hemingway, who lives in Paris (an American)... Id look him up right away. Hes the real thing. This is perhaps the most prophetic stateme nt Fitzgerald ever made in his lifetime, because Ernest Hemingway was indeed the real thing. Only months after that letter was written, Hemingways first book of short stories, In Our Time, was published, and so began the career of one of Americasgreatest literary heroes. The works that followed stunned audiences around the worldwith the clear, concise language that was used, and the elaborate details that allowedmillions of people an in depth look into the life of an amazingly interesting man. However, the perfection achieved in his literature was always out of reach to the manhimself. But Hemingway was able to use his real life tragedies and make them intotimeless masterpieces. That is why to this day it can be said that Ernest Hemingway isthe most influential American writer of all time (Turnbull, 167).Born in Oak Park, Illinois on July 21, 1899, Hemingway was raised to appreciatethe beauty of nature and the importance of spending time in the wilderness. This love ofthe outdoo rs, including fishing and hunting, becomes quite apparent in his later pieces of literature. At the age of eighteen, Hemingway was stationed in Italy, during World War I, as a Red Cross ambulance driver. It was there that he first fell in love with Europe. He was immediately attracted to the beauty of the countryside and the elegance of the cultures there, and would later spend many years of his life on the continent. Herman Melville called the sea his Harvard and Yale, to Ernest Hemingway, the continent of Europe was his (Baker, 17).Not long after his arrival, Hemingway was wounded by an Austrian shell as itexploded nearby killing an Italian soldier, and blowing the legs off of another. Thedetails that followed have been disputed, but one source states that Hemingway, withshrapnel embedded in his leg, carried two wounded soldiers to safety as machine gun fireripped through his already bloodied limb. It was at the hospital in Milan, while havinghis leg tended to, where Hemingw ay first fell in love. She was a Red Cross nurse more... ...ce slept, and to fish where he found the peace and serenity to write the perfect book. Hemingway has been imitated, but never equaled, and it will probably be a very long timebefore we see another American with his talent, intelligence, and lust for life, emergewith a piece of writing that can thrill us like Hemingway can. Though biographicalinformation has been disputed (much due to the fact that Ernest was known for histremendous exaggerations), it has been said that to find the truth (about Hemingway),you must first look at his fiction. Hemingways life is in his books, and we all have the opportunity to read it (Miller, 181). Works CitedBaker, Carlos Heard. Ernest Hemingway A Life Story. New York, NY. Scribner. 1969.Loscalzo, Jim. Hemingways Cuba. U.S. News and World Report. 26 May 1997. Vol. 122, P. 62.Miller, Louis M. Hemingway The Writer as Artist. Columbus, Ohio. 1983.Nelson, Gerald B. Hemingway, Life and Works. New York, NY. Facts on File. 1984. Sands, Garret. The Life and Times of Ernest Hemingway. San Francisco, CA. EliotPublishing. 1981.Turnbull, Andrew. Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York. 1963.

The Rise of Nazism in Germany :: Ancient Rome Roman History

The Rise of Nazism in GermanyGermanys defeat in World War One created political, economic and social instability in the Weimar Republic and take to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi party. The First World War pose increasingly heavy strains and sacrifices on the German people. The gap between the rich and poor widened and divisions between classes increased. It had direct effect on the workers living standard as earnings fell and food shortages grew. Food was sold on the growing black market but the prices were high and the poor could not afford to buy. This led to a crisis in the cities and as many as 700 000 died of hypothermia and starvation in the winter of 1916-17. In order to force the German people to bear the failure of the war, chancellor Bethmann Hollweg promised political reform in a speech in the Reichstag in February 1917. This promise led to political unrest and an organised strike of cd 000 ammunition workers in Berlin, which threatened to cripple arms production. However, as long as the military held their dominant position and the possibility of victory remained, the prospects of reform seemed remote. afterward the chancellor was forced to resign in July 1917 military repression increased. There were severe restrictions on the right of assembly, stricter control of meetings to discuss grievances, a return to military overhaul for striking workers and the banning of all anti-war material. In September 1918 the military effort suddenly collapsed. The allied powers, in particular President Wilson of the United States, requested that Germany be alter into a democracy. On November 1918 the SPD declared the abdication of the Kaiser and the birth of the new Weimar Republic. On 28 June 1919 the German government signed the Treaty of Versailles imposed on it by the victorious powers. Clause 231 blamed Germany for causing the war and vast majority of Germans rejected this. They blamed the Weimar government f or losing the war and signing the outrageous Treaty. Linked to this was the demand for financial compensation for the cost of the war paid to France and Britain. This shocked the Germans severely as it would be hard to pay reparations since the war had weakened the country. Germanys army military group was to be cut to 100 000 and was forbidden to produce offensive weapons. There was to be no air force or submarines and the navy was to be reduced to six small battleships and six cruisers.

John Adams :: biographies bio biography American History

John Adams(1735-1826) Founding father. Second President of the coupled States, first vice-president of the U.S., member of the Continental Congress, helped picture the Declaration of Independence, helped negotiate the treaty of Paris with England in 1783.Also known as the Paris Peace Treaty, this agreement ended the United States War for Independence, bad formal recognition of the United States, and established its then-boundaries. Second President (1797-1801) John Adams devoted much of his presidential energy to dealing with infringements on American disinterest in an Anglo-French war. He succeeded in keeping the United States from being drawn into those hostilities. He did so, however, at great cost to his popularity, and he left office spirit much battered and wrongly abused. Many years later, Adams observed No man who ever held the office of President would ever congratulate a takeoff rocket on obtaining it. THE PARIS PEACE TREATY (PEACE TREATY of 1783) In the name of the m ost holy and undivided Trinity. It having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the wagon of the most serene and most potent Prince George the Third, by the grace of God, king of expectant Britain, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, duke of Brunswick and Lunebourg, arch- treasurer and prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire etc., and of the United States of America, to forget all past misunderstandings and differences that have unhappily interrupted the good correspondence and friendship which they mutually wish to restore, and to establish such a full and satisfactory intercourse , between the two countries upon the ground of reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience as may promote and secure to both perpetual stillness and harmony and having for this desirable end already laid the foundation of peace and reconciliation by the Provisional Articles signed at Paris on the thirtieth of November 1782, by the commissioners empowered on each part, which articles were a greed to be inserted in and constitute the Treaty of Peace proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great Britain and the said United States, but which treaty was not to be concluded until terms of peace should be agreed upon between Great Britain and France and his Britannic majesty should be ready to conclude such treaty accordingly and the treaty between Great Britain and France having since been concluded, his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, in order to hightail it into full effect the Provisional Articles above mentioned, according to the tenor thereof, have constituted and appointed, that is to say his Britannic Majesty on his part, David Hartley, Esqr.

Brighton Beach Memoirs Family’s Struggle :: Brighton Beach Memoirs Essays

Brighton Beach Memoirs Familys Struggle   Brighton Beach Memoirs is the story of one familys struggle to become in the pre-World War II age of the "Great Depression". This was a time of great hardship where pain and suffering were eminent. In this play, Neil Simon gives us a painfully realistic view of life during the late 1930s. The setting takes place in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, sore York, in the fall of 1937. It is a lower-income bea inhabited by mostly Jews, Irish, and Germans. The house is described as a wooden-framed, 2 floor, establishment near the beach. The main character and narrator is Eugene Jerome. Eugene is a 15-year-old boy who is in the midst of going through puberty. Like Rusty-James in Rumble Fish, Eugene looks up to his older brother Stanley. His hobbies and hopes include playing baseball in hopes of becoming a New York Yankee, writing, and to see the "Golden Palace of the Himalayas", which in other words is seeing a naked woman . Eugene always feels as if he is being blamed for everything that goes wrong. He finds liberation from a household of seven by writing in his diary, which he calls his memoirs. Stanley is Eugenes 18-year-old, older brother. Stanley can be described as a somebody who stands up for his principles. Eugene is constantly looking to him for advice with his pubescent "problems". Stanley had to work young to victuals the family. We later see him losing his paycheck from gambling and almost joining the army. Kate and Jack Jerome are Eugenes parents. They are constantly looking to Eugene for things to be done. They have it very hard supporting their own family and her sister Blanches family. Jack had to take up many jobs to support everybody, which resulted in a heart attack. We later see Jacks relatives escaping from the Nazi occupation in Poland to come and live with him. Blanche is Eugenes aunt and Kates sister. When Blanches husband David died, she found she could not sup port her family. Kate and Jack agreed to take her and her two daughters, Nora and Laurie, in and support them. We see that Blanche has many problems of being independent. Her daughters, Nora and Laurie, have their own share of problems.

Brighton Beach Memoirs Family’s Struggle :: Brighton Beach Memoirs Essays

Brighton Beach Memoirs Familys Struggle   Brighton Beach Memoirs is the story of one familys struggle to survive in the pre-World War II age of the "Great opinion". This was a time of great hardship where pain and suffering were eminent. In this play, Neil Simon gives us a painfully realistic view of life during the late 1930s. The backcloth takes place in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, New York, in the fall of 1937. It is a lower-income area inhabited by mostly Jews, Irish, and Germans. The house is described as a wooden-framed, 2 floor, establishment near the beach. The main character and narrator is Eugene Jerome. Eugene is a 15-year-old boy who is in the midst of going through puberty. Like Rusty-James in Rumble Fish, Eugene looks up to his older brother Stanley. His hobbies and hopes include playing baseball in hopes of becoming a New York Yankee, physical composition, and to see the "Golden Palace of the Himalayas", which in other lyric poem is se eing a naked woman. Eugene always feels as if he is being blamed for e rattlingthing that goes wrong. He finds liberation from a household of seven by writing in his diary, which he calls his memoirs. Stanley is Eugenes 18-year-old, older brother. Stanley can be described as a person who stands up for his principles. Eugene is constantly looking to him for advice with his pubescent "problems". Stanley had to work issue to support the family. We later see him losing his paycheck from gambling and almost joining the army. Kate and Jack Jerome are Eugenes parents. They are constantly looking to Eugene for things to be done. They have it very hard supporting their own family and her sister Blanches family. Jack had to take up many jobs to support everybody, which resulted in a heart attack. We later see bring up relatives escaping from the Nazi occupation in Poland to come and live with him. Blanche is Eugenes aunt and Kates sister. When Blanches husband David died, she found she could not support her family. Kate and Jack agreed to take her and her two daughters, Nora and Laurie, in and support them. We see that Blanche has many problems of being independent. Her daughters, Nora and Laurie, have their own share of problems.

Review of Medicine Literature

Review of Literature How is wellness promotion defined? Health promotion is a process of enabling people to increase accommodate over and improve their health (WHO, 2013). People involved in health promotion should consider the meaning of what do they think health means relating to themselves and to others. This will assist with clarifying outcomes and expectations (Edelman & Mandle, 2010, p. 3). In order for health promotion to have a successful outcome, people must take control over both aspects of their health and life. People must be held accountable for their life decisions. Health promotion is the science of helping people change their life style and behaviors. This paper will hash out the finding of health promotion, the nursing roles and responsibilities, giveation methods, and a comparison of the three levels of health promotion prevention. Purpose of Health PromotionThe purpose of health promotion is to provide education. The emergence with new computer technology allows for much more access to knowledge. The internet and smart phones have a extensive base of information. It provides all forms of information. People can then make an informed decision. The ultimate goal of the health promotion model is to conjure up a intelligence of well-being, not just the absence of disease (GCU,2013, p. 1). Health promotion is used on the private level, the public level, and also the community level (Edelman & Mandle, 2010.). These levels are all important for the educational process. Along with improving patient outcomes, health promotion helps to decrease the costs that are always increasing in healthcare.Nursing Roles and ResponsibilitiesNurses are answerable to educate patients in every aspect. They arethe primary care givers in the checkup setting. The rapport that is developed leaves a lasting impression. They are able to discuss the positive aspects of prevention and how this can provide a better life for the patient. Nurses are advocates, cons ultants, care managers, educators, healers, and researchers. They are part of the multidisciplinary team that provides health promotion. Their roles and responsibilities develop little by little with the improvement of health. They educate in life changing activities with a holistic approach. This would include stress management, the introduction to healthy foods, the promotion of change magnitude physical activity, the increased benefits of adequate sleep, the reduction of alcohol, and smoking cessation.ImplementationNurses implement health promotion by providing appropriate care to all patients. Culture and diversity should be taken into consideration. Nurses expect to maintain the patients identity and privacy. They practice the code of moral principles and values. This is met by treating patients tint regardless of age, seriousness of disease, or different cultural background. Nurses can help implement programs. They can make patients aware of resources to provide a safe env ironment or a vaccination program for their children.Three Levels of Health Promotion on that point are three levels of health promotion. These levels are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Prevention is not only inclusive of health promotion and preventing diseases, but also curing them and limiting the progression of disease. There is no classifiable flow pattern between the three levels, but thither is an overlap at times. These three levels will be discussed in relationship to three new-fashioned journal articles.PrimaryThe primary level of health promotion is considered to be educational and preventative by nature. This is in process prior to a problem. The primary prevention article discusses motivational interviewing. Women have a lack of risk perception. Through screening, risk factors are brought to light. They should be screened for past medical history, family history, smoking, physical activity, and diet. Research suggests that women should be screened using the Framingh am Risk Assessmentof 10-year Global Risk (Schroetter & Peck, 2008, p. 109). This is a risk predictor. It calculates a womans chance for experiencing a heart attack. Nurses should also promote awareness by the various government programs such as WISEWOMAN and Go Red for Women. These are two campaigns that increase awareness of heart disease.SecondarySecondary prevention consists of beforehand(predicate) detection and diagnosis, timely treatment, and limiting disability. This would encompass mass screening surveys and selective examinations used to prevent, spread, and cure the disease process. Through limiting disabilities and providing the adequate treatment, the goal would be to prevent progression of the disease and the complications associated with the disease. Secondary prevention of stroke has focused on medical and surgical interventions.Healthcare professionals should use a multimodal approach, combining optimal medical therapies with interventions designed to support patien ts to make changes in lifestyle behaviors (Lawrence, Fraser, Woods, & McCall, 2011, p. 42). This model consists of combining medical treatment (medications) with comprehensive dietary modifications and exercise. These medications would include aspirin, statins, and antihypertensives. Nurses need to have a good understanding of the risk factors for stroke. They should also know the recommendations for healthy lifestyle choices. Interventions should be tailored to each patient.TertiaryThe tertiary level is the care and education habituated after the diagnosis of a disease. This level also includes restoration and rehabilitation. It also includes educating the public with selective placement and various work therapies in the hospital setting. There are many vaccines that can be considered a preventative measure for infectious diseases. Any vaccination can be given to an oncology patient if there are no contraindications. The influenza vaccination is an example that will be utilized. I t is a recommendation for cancer patients. A first recommendation was made by a gynecologist.This was for the tertiary prevention with a patient with uterine cancer. Patients that are vaccinated have a significant longer survival period (Wiwanitkit, 2010, p. 339). The influenza vaccination can decrease the infection rate and mortality due to influenza. It has beenthought that oncology patients receive the vaccination. All three levels of health promotion are equal in that they educate. The difference in educating is related to the disease process and the patients willingness to learn.

PERSONAL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND TEAM WORK ANALYSIS

Effective organisational open presentation is an facet that each organisation would wish to follow through only how those organisations green goddess bring forth a high public presentation. Teamwork must be unrivalled of the replies. This subsidisation provides around information and points out that why team work is of significance more than conclave work, and besides demonstrates the manner which team subdivisions interact in crop to do their work procedure conflate swimmingly. Bing a good squad fellow member, accomplishments pray is distributeed because someoneal accomplishments can be useable in footings of develop a squad s public presentation. ascribable to this consideration, this is my good opportunity to transgress my accomplishments by placing some accomplishments which postulate to be improved. Making the personal development class and making a accomplishments audit are weapons which can assist me to accomplish my end. As I am presently in the last term before making my thesis of the MBA class this assignment will demo what I convey genuine so far and demo how much I achieve my ends. This assignment is divided into three labours as follows1. Describe the diverse surrounded by squad and meeting and Identify and critically reflect on the relationship between the aims of logical implicationant operational pioneer and my undivided function and aims. Furthermore, this under taking will show and measure how I interacted with my co-workers and demo my sentiment in what I would make if I look back on the upshotant undertake and why I would make that.2. This portion shows how I substantiate developed my accomplishments over the class through my personal portfolio3. This portion shows the consideration on the procedure of my accomplishments development1. Working with a figure of co-workers on a given undertaking or important operational undertaking1.1 The differences between squad and groupThe intelligence operation group and squad normally are used interchangeably, hardly there are really a figure of differences between a squad and a group depends on which portion you fork up considered. Longman dictionary delineate both words base on the word significance group defined as several people or things that are all together in the same topographic point and squad defined as a group of people who have been chosen to work together to make a peculiar occupation . Besides you can see a difference between group and squad by concentrating on a relationship among members in group or squad. Normally, members in a squad are close to item-by-itemly other and their exclusive undertakings are related to one another. Significantly, squad donates more than one single involve in goal-oriented joint carry out while group refer to informal bunch of more than one person ( Wilson A. 1998 ) and it goes beyond single achievements. ( Ruth & A Herman G.1940 ) . In a group, members they are grouped together for adm inistrative intent provided, some members efficacy non cognize each other earlier but operative as a squad, they work together because they got a squad end which is best complete with manual support and the relationship across persons is obvious. ( RDI enchiridion, 2009 ) The of import pointor which assortediates squad from group is the interdependent among the squad member in executing the squad undertaking ( Saiyadain M.S, 2003 ) The squad members are diverse in footings of assorted positions, personalities, position and function.1.2 Significant operational undertakingDuring my old occupation, I was working in the cordial reception sector, ( In the little size hotel sector ) , as a general helper in a hotel s eat house. On my operational undertaking within the hotel s eating house, all staff were gathered to make our ain single undertaking. As the account somewhat squad and group above, I think working with my co-workers on the important operational undertaking is near to a squad construct. Harmonizing to the squad construct, goal-oriented joint action is a cardinal point which indicates that we were working every bit squad because we had a end which we wanted to accomplish by working together because our single undertakings are linked. Significantly, my squad end was to do certain that we satisfy customer demands and outlooks with a high quality of service. In my squad, there were 13 staff who had a duty concern to a totally procedure of service bringing ( e.g director, kitchen staff, waiting staff, ) As I mention above, holding the same end is the attain which drawing all squad members together because all undertakings in the intact work procedure are linked. In order to accomplish the end, we required to cash in ones chips towards the same way because teamwork is a joint action of a group member and each squad members have to sum up their accomplishments and sentiment toward the squad end. Therefore, our squad member, foremost, had to be cog nizant and clear round the ends and understand single functions and undertakings. My chief function was covering with clients and do certain that they got the best service and other squad members besides got their peculiar undertaking but every undertakings were linked to one another. Working as squad, leading accomplishments is really of import. leaders can be defined as the procedure of act uponing and persuade others to understand and hold near what indigences to be done and how to make it. ( Gary Yukl, 2006 ) In the squad we needed person who can go and sway squad members in to the right way without any fright of any jobs. Besides, working as squad, we had to interact among members all the shave to do our procedure flow swimmingly in the right way.1.3 Interaction among squad membersSignificantly, Interacting among team members is the key facet which can impact to a whole public presentation because it helps the squad to accomplish the end efficaciously. Harmonizing to Long man lexicon, Interaction is defined as a sort of action which two or more objects can impact to each other. The part from members much(prenominal)(prenominal) as interchanging sentiment, vox populi or cognition can assist the squad execute more stiff. ( Beyerlein M. et Al, . 2000 ) By and large, every squad member develop the ways of interacting among members over the clip, particularly interpersonal communicating among members because the effectivity of a whole public presentation ever depends on how good team members interact to one another. Often, independent squads are presented the best kind for increased public presentation ( Hellenthal A. and Molleman E. 2008 ) because working as squad, there exists no somebody in order to convey the best solution. The interaction much(prenominal) as how a squad makes determinations, assigns work, and holds members accountable determines squad success, these are really of import to see in any squad work. Harmonizing to my work experience , all of the squad members had to unclutter in head and understand the squad s end, otherwise we might hold been gone in a different way. In our daily occupation, we were assigned a undertaking by a squad attraction. Basically, squad drawing card was non the same member all the clip, it depends on the state of affairs. And in any determination devising, there was ever interaction among team members because in any decision-making everyone had to wield the duty for the determination which was eventually made because we were working as squad. All squad members reserved a right to hold or differ and demo our sentiment straight towards our leader. Furthermore, because of our undertakings were linked and would hold been effected to one another, hence staff meeting which was hold every two hebdomad in order to give a opportunity for staff to advise our public presentations and tried to happen a solution for any peculiar jobs.1.4 Significant operational undertaking and the existent state of affairs in my work topographic pointHarmonizing to the theory of communicating, ( RDI manus go for, 2009 ) effectual communicating within any organisation is an facet that organisations have to concern. poorly communicating will necessarily take to loss of income or worse. Basically, there are three introductory types of communications bipartisan communicating is the one which is extremely effectual because both transmitter and receiving system can give their feedback straight. Compare with my work experience, my squad end was run intoing the client outlook by presenting a good service. In daily undertaking, good communicating accomplishments would be really utile for working every bit squad because in the whole procedure of working, we had to pass on with the squad members all the clip to do certain that we reached all clients outlook in footings of service quality. Generally, squad members were assigned a undertaking and turn to a day-to-day end by a leader every forenoon and the leader besides allowed us to show our thought which might be utile for the squad if there was a particular event such as private party. During any twenty-four hours working, the most great(p) state of affairs was, when there was a particular order and waiting staff had to reassign that order to a chef. We had to do certain that we meet the client s outlook. Apart from the daily undertaking, every two hebdomads, there was a meeting which made for all squad members to discourse a whole public presentation in the past two hebdomads. Every squad member would hold got all information which was utile for bettering the squad public presentation such as feedbacks from clients which were collected straight from clients. We besides got a opportunity to show our point of position and portion our thoughts and happen the countries of understanding as the footing for coaction. Personally, I think the manner that the operational undertaking was managed was sensible and efficient, because good communicating among team member was really of import for working as a squad. If I could pull off this undertaking, I would still keep this good point about bipartisan communicating but I would believe more about staff committedness issue because all staff members were a portion of the success and we should return some benefits back to staff for their difficult work by appealing to them in footings of wages bundle such as salary, fillip, position and acknowledgment. If we could win the staff committedness, staff would be happy to work towards the operational undertaking and we would acquire the best public presentation from them.2. Personal PortfolioPersonal Development Plan is a tool which contains actions or aspirations oriented towards any of the undermentioned purposes and it should be seen as a changeless procedure affecting sweetening and development of abilities, accomplishments and cognition ( RDI enchiridion, 2009 ) . Apparently, accomplishments audit is of import for everyone who would wish to put up PDP. Skills audit is a tool which is designed to assist you to guide your strengths, failings and countries for development within assorted accomplishments countries. ( RDI enchiridion, 2009 )Before I set up my PDP, I did a accomplishments audit and four of of import accomplishments were chosen to be improved as the tabular array under.Skills AuditKnowledge and accomplishments which I consider to be of import for future occupationAbility Rating( 1-5 )1.Leadership accomplishments22. Prioritizing accomplishment43.Communication accomplishments34. Planning accomplishment35. IT skills2Note see appendices for the original accomplishments auditHarmonizing to the accomplishments audit above, I identified my accomplishments which needed to be improved and take some activities to back up me to better my accomplishments. There are four accomplishments which I think they will be utile for my future calling. Those accomplishments are1. Leadership accomplishme ntFrom my accomplishments audit above I gave myself in a low evaluation and I thought I needed to better this accomplishment because this accomplishment is really of import accomplishment for a director. In the workplace director should hold an ability to actuate a squad member to work toward a common end and acquire the occupation done in order to do the over public presentation more effectual and successful. For bettering this accomplishment, I set some activities such as take parting in any group undertaking ( classroom ) , reading a watchword Leadership accomplishments for directors . During six calendar months for bettering leading accomplishment, I have been deriving a batch of cognition and I got many opportunity to pattern this accomplishment. Significantly, I have leant how to carry group members to hold with my thought and besides larn how to be good leader in the group when we were assign the group undertaking such as squad s treatments and presentations during categor y assignments. I besides learn from reading supports which contain leading articles. These books helped me to understand the differences between director and leader how the leader is so of import to really work undertaking and it besides teaches me how to be a good leader.2. Prioritizing accomplishmentPrioritizing accomplishments is of import for director because good director is a individual who manages to be after the agenda and divide clip every bit between undertakings can be an overconfident for the organisation. This accomplishment fundamentally was the accomplishment which I gave myself a highest evaluation among all accomplishments. In the past six months, I improve this accomplishment a batch particularly during the MBA class. By and large, there were many assignments which had to be submitted on clip, hence, this accomplishment is really utile for me because I could prioritise all my plants and working on the most of import at each jiffy and could subject all my assign ment on clip.3. Communication accomplishmentsCommunication accomplishments are really of import for working as a squad. Working as a squad, Bad communicating will necessarily take to loss of income or worse. My communicating accomplishments at the beginning of the class were non good plenty. Language was my barrier because English is non my graduation linguistic communication. Therefore, take parting in any group undertaking ( schoolroom ) was the activity which utile for bettering these accomplishments. During my class, I got many opportunity to better my communicating accomplishments such as treatment category, work as a group and communicate to other group members. Furthermore, I have learnt a batch physical body the books about communicating. In order to go a more effectual communicator, I have learnt many different communicating s channels such as memos emails meetings teleconferencing blink of an eye messaging4. Planning accomplishmentPlaning accomplishment is one of tho se accomplishments which allows a director to expect such issues and be prepared should they originate. My action program for bettering this accomplishment were reading and researching articles or books which are related to an assignment. Over the past six months, I read a batch of books which were utile to my assignment such as the book about Human Resource Management, Managing Change, Marketing, Finance and operational direction. Apart from reading, I did pattern some exercisings before the 24 hours appraisal in Finance direction.5. Information engineering ( IT ) SkillsNot surprisingly, IT skills are really of import in most parts of every workplace because IT accomplishments are still in demand and IT may be the most of import factor for long-run calling success. From my accomplishment audit above, I gave myself low evaluation because I got merely basic ability about IT. Therefore, I planned to better these accomplishments by making a batch of practising in some computing machine applications which I already got the basic cognition approximately such as Microsoft Excel, internet application. Furthermore, I have leant more about some computing machine applications which I had neer used earlier such as Autofill with Formulae and maps.From the activities above which were usage to assist myself to better my accomplishments in many countries. After my program reached the mark day of the month which was on April 2010, I will reexamine the accomplishments which were developed over the period of clip by this following tabular arrayThis tabular array below shows how I have developed my accomplishments so far during my class period.20th October 2009 -20th January 2010Skills12345Leadership accomplishments*Prioritizing accomplishments*Communication accomplishments*Planing accomplishments*IT Skills*21th January 2010 21 April 2010Skills12345Leadership accomplishments*Prioritizing accomplishments*Communication accomplishments*Planing accomplishments*IT Skills*Note 1 = n eed to be improved with a batch of act2 = can be sensible but still necessitate betterment3 = need more practicing and necessitate more clip to clear some experiences4 = somewhat confident but need more practicing5 = achieve the endFrom the tabular array above which it shows how much my accomplishments have developed over six months. Basically, I divided my self- appraisal into two periods ( three months in each period ) . Harmonizing to the first period of my self-assessment, I complete that all of those accomplishments were developed bit by bit. It was because I had to set myself into new environment such as educational system and linguistic communication which different from my state.1. Leadership skills- in the first period, I rated myself merely 3 because I think I need more practicing and necessitate more clip to descend some experiences and after six months was over I rated myself 4 which is moderately confident but need more practicing. Frankly, I think to be a good lead er with a batch of confident, I need to maintain practicing and tilting from errors in the yesteryear.2. Prioritizing skills- Before I started to better this accomplishment, I rated myself rather high ( 4 ) but after the first period was over, I still thought that my prioritizing accomplishment did non better much because I had to set myself to the new educational system. When the self-assessment was over, I think this accomplishment was developed successfully.3. Communication Skills- These accomplishments was hard to be improved for me sing to a linguistic communication barrier. For the first period, hence, I needed to pattern really hard in both English accomplishments and communicating accomplishments because both are linked. After the whole period was over, I think my communicating accomplishments were developed moderately and I would wish to pattern and larn more to draw these accomplishments to be my strength.4. Planing accomplishments Although, this accomplishment is rather simple and easy to win but cosmos in MBA cause, be aftering accomplishments was turned to be a spot hard for me. Nevertheless, maintaining myself on path and ever concentrating on the end of my survey, these made me improved this skill rapidly. Therefore, I think this accomplishment was developed successfully.5. IT skills Frankly speech production, I think these accomplishments are the most hard to be improve because there are many computing machine applications which take clip to be understood. For the first period, I did non better much on these accomplishments because it was hard to larn how to utilize some computing machine application by myself but within the 2nd period, I got a opportunity to pattern this accomplishment more frequently with my class fellow due to the fiscal direction faculty. After six months were over, I think that even though I have improved this accomplishment but I need more practicing and necessitate more clip to derive some experiences.Harmonizing to my self- appraisal for all of the accomplishments above, I think I have developed those accomplishments moderately and successfully and those demand to be practiced continuously in order to do them to be my strength and be utile for my hereafter calling3. Contemplation on the procedure of accomplishments developmentHarmonizing to the personal development program, I chose five accomplishments which I need to develop over my class.First, leading accomplishments are the chief accomplishments which I need to develop. Leadership is defined as the procedure of act uponing and persuade others to understand and hold about what needs to be done and how to make it. ( Gary Yukl, 2006 ) and it is about carrying people to lend to doing something extraordinary happen ( Kuozen J. et al. , 2007 ) . Leadership accomplishments are really of import for any teamwork because making a squad end needs person who can take and carry squad members through the right manner whether it is hard or non. equally far as I am cognizant, my leading accomplishments have been bettering because these accomplishments need clip to pattern. Apparently, group work in the category helps me a batch by constructing my assurance and I am besides larning organize the many books about leading such as Leadership accomplishments for directors which help me to understand more about why leading accomplishments are of import for director occupation and how I can go a good leader.Second, Prioritizing accomplishment, personally I thought this accomplishment was really easy to be developed but in fact being in MBA class made me realized that there were many obstructions which prevented myself to accomplish my end such as being in a different educational system and linguistic communication barriers. These obstructions made some of my work delayed but unluckily, I am still on the path and be able to better this accomplishment successfully.Third, Communication accomplishments, good communicate among team members is a portion of bring forthing an effectual squad public presentation. As I have learnt so far during my category period, bipartisan communicating is seemingly more effectual in pattern because treatment in a schoolroom needs everyone in the category to be participated by sharing our thoughts and I decidedly got a opportunity to portion my sentiment and larn how to be a good hearer at the same clip. And I ever use some techniques form the book, Step ladders to success for the professional which help me to execute in my category more expeditiously because difference of thoughts or sentiment might take us to group s struggle and it happened to me many times but these experiences help me to larn how to manage the job.Fourthly, be aftering accomplishments, harmonizing to the fact that I have to subject all of my assignments on clip, hence, be aftering such as what I had to make, which book I had to read etcathese assist me to subject all of my assignments on clip and I got a sensible Ma rkss for all of them. This accomplishment can use to any activities which need to be done in a certain clip.Last, IT skills which are of import for a director occupation in footings of utilizing it to bring forth organisational studies. Equally far as I am concern, the spreadsheet ( Excel package ) is really of import computing machine application which simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. Harmonizing to the complication of the plan, it has been taking me long clip to larn and understand how it works, but practising can assist me to utilize this plan more effectual in the hereafter.DecisionIn any countries of any concern, individual who has a possible accomplishment is ever required. Therefore, accomplishments development is really of import for any individual who would wish to acquire a good occupation. By and large, non merely for a occupation searcher but it is for person who needs to better his/her accomplishments in order to execute his/her undertaking more effectual. Perso nally, this personal accomplishments development helps me to place my ability and accomplishments which I need to better and actuate myself to accomplish my end by puting an action program. Although, I have non achieved all my programs at this minute but I believe that if I keep follow my action program, I will decidedly make my end in the hereafter.AppendixsPersonal Development PlanMy GoalWhich skills I need to better?Actions RequiredWho or What Can Help Me?Target Date for ActionTo derive diversified concern cognition and expertness in order to be a possible director in the hereafter byBetteringSome accomplishments which are related to my end1. Leadership accomplishments Participating in any group undertaking ( schoolroom ) Reading a book Leadership accomplishments for directors Schoolmates and a coachBy April 20102. Prioritizing accomplishments Prioritize all my plants, working on the most of import at each minute.By April 20103.CommunicationaccomplishmentsParticipating in any gr oup undertaking ( schoolroom )Schoolmates and a coachBy April 20104.Planing accomplishmentsReading and researching article or book which are related to an assignmentCoachSubmit Date5. IT SkillsLearningSome computing machineApplications which are relatedi.e. spreadsheetBy April 2010Skills AuditKnowledge and accomplishments which I consider to be of import for future occupationAbility Rating( 1-5 )Typical DescriptionCoach s Remarks1.Leadership accomplishments2Manager should hold anability to actuate a squad memberto work toward a common end.Suthira has lead her squad s treatments and presentations during category assignments and proved to be good squad leader.2. prioritizing accomplishments4Good director is a individual who manages to be after the agenda and divide clip every bit between undertakings can be an plus for the organisation.During the class, Suthira has appreciated the importance of prioritising in the accomplishment of assignments and undertakings.3.Communication accompli shments3Working as a squad, Bad communicating will necessarily take to loss of income or worse.Suthira s bids of spoken and written English have improved since get downing the plan.4.Planning accomplishment3Planing allows a director to expect such issues and be prepared should they originate.Suthira has developed good planning accomplishments. That appeared clearly during her readyings before categories commenced.5. IT skills2IT accomplishments are still in demand and IT may be the most of import factor for long-run calling success.TitleThe Interaction Between Task and TeamAuthorsAlex Hellenthal, Eric MollemanPublisherVDM Verlag, 2008

Marketing Communications Memo Essay

This year this organization has elected to erect a monument to honor the fallen array heroes of Jacksonville, Florida. Some demographics of this large(p) city are its multigenerational and assorted ethnic population, varied socioeconomic span, and of course, the large armed forces representation, both active duty, retired, veterans, and their families. The location of Jacksonville in northeast Florida is a great stopover spot for tourists fashioning their way to Orlando or Tampa and the snowbirds on their journey to southern Florida for the winter. The location of the monument should be centralized and near a major highway, possibly Interstate 95 between Interstate 10 and Interstate 295 South. Jacksonville, Florida is a military town and rich in its military history. According to United States nose count Bureau QuickFacts (Jacksonville, 2008-2012) round 81,000 veterans live here. This number represents 10.5% of the total Jacksonville population.When including Orange Park and Jacksonville Beach to these numbers the veterans total number increases to nearly 85,000. This number is not reflective of the family members surrounding the veterans. The QuickFacts sail goes on to state that the average household in Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beach, and Orange Park, is approximately 2.50 persons. The number of individuals living in the greater Jacksonville, Florida area directly related to the military member adds another 127,500 people for a total of 170,000 (QuickFacts Orange Park, QuickFacts Jacksonville Beach & QuickFacts Jacksonville, 2008-2012).We will want to choose a central location for the monument as Jacksonville, Florida has the greatest land mass in the continental United States with 885 square miles (Insiders Guide to Jacksonville, Florida, 2014). By centralizing the location we can attract as many of Jacksonvilles residents to visit the monument. We must also take into consideration the ease of access to the monument for out of state visitors. If t he location is too perplex to get to many people will not visit the site.The monument site will also have a visitor/ grant sleuth with smaller images of the Fallen Heroes Monument for sale, along with military memorabilia of the two naval military installations, Naval Air invest Jacksonville and Naval Station Mayport, and Marine army corps Support Facility Blount Island Command along with military collectables. The various National Guards outfits along with the Coast Guard will be represented as well. The gift storage will be maintain and staffed by Naval Air Station Jacksonville and proceeds will help with the upkeep of the monument. We will build the store as part of the monument site. The City of Jacksonville has donated the land in the name of the local fallen heroes. The project hopes to capture national attention with its innovative purpose and availability of military collectables. We want not just the Jacksonville, Florida residents to take pride in this monument but th e State of Florida and our nation.Fundraising will be accomplished by reaching out to local military and veteran organizations. The Veterans of Foreign War, American Legion, Student Veterans of America, and American Veterans are all onboard to help with fundraising events like car washes, cook-outs, and large yard sales. We have also partnered with the local motorcycle clubs in Jacksonville, Florida who have scheduled several Saturday rides throughout the state. Historically the bikers clubs have donated large sums of notes to events such as ours. The Jacksonville Sheriffs Office and Jacksonville Fire Department are also collecting donations to help defray the total cost of the monument. Naval Station Mayport and Naval Air Station Jacksonville will have golf tournaments to support the building of the monument. Grants from the City of Jacksonville and from the State of Florida have been pledged.There will be a website featuring the future monument and donations can be accepted there as well.Military personnel come from all ages, racial ethnicities, socioeconomic levels, and religious backgrounds it is a fair assessment to predict that the visitors to the monument will be of the same diversity. The marketing direction will be of one from pride in our nations military men and women, the good work they do the world over, and the sacrifices they have given. The local community is fully committed to the project and is evident by the large number of private contributors.ReferencesInsiders Guide to Jacksonville, Florida. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.insideflorida.com/city/info/Jacksonville QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Florida. Retrieved from http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12000.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Jacksonville, Florida. Retrieved from http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1235000.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Jacksonville Beach, Florida. Retrieved from http//quickfacts .census.gov/qfd/states/12/1235050.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Orange Park, Florida. Retrieved from http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1252125.html

Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial The controlled and randomized double contrivance trials refer to a authority in which a medicine investigator is not familiar with the nature of a drug. The term may also mean that a scientist does not realize that a drug is being tested maybe for certain diseases. Such medicines may be under surveillance, and they atomic number 18 only administered in a small positively charged amount in case of any side- effectuate. For a typical scientific research, the desires, expectations and beliefs can sub conscious(p)ly influence, often, how people perceive things.In clinical research and preliminary psychology, these value are broadly recognized, thus explaining the rationale on why studies from subjects are regularly carried out under both blind and double blind situations. in that respect is irresistible empirical support, which reveals that the expectation and attitude of experimenters can actually have a great impact on the result of experim ents (Schulz & Grimes, 2002). In a situation involving single-blind experiments, an examiner is not able to distinguish between different samples of treatment.However, when human beings are concerned, such as in experimental psychology and medicine, double-blind events can be used to watch against the anticipation of both investigators and their subjects. For instance, in a double-blind clinical trial, tablets of drugs may be administered to patients. Neither patients nor researchers are conscious of such experiments, and the principal placebo effects typically take place during trials. At this stage, both physicians and patients consider a powerful new treatment is being tested.The static tablets are liable to start like the cure being considered, and can even provoke its distinctive consequences. Similarly, experimenter expectation effects are recognized in experimental psychology, and also outlaw up in researches on animal activities (Schulz & Grimes, 2002). In a captivating hi storical description, Schulz and Grimes (2002) have revealed that blind evaluation first commenced towards the end of the 18th hundred as an instrument for fraud discovery mounted by influential typical scientists and doctors to dispute the alleged fantasies or charlatanism of exceptional drug.Some of the initial researches were do to assess mesmerism, and were strictly performed with blindfolds. The application of blind evaluation had been implemented by the 19th century by homeopaths, and by early 14th century, was regulated by psychical investigators and psychologists. However, in the 1930s, the capacity of blind methods merged with no-cure control group in medical tests was broadly acknowledged by a majority of wellness researchers, and just subsequent to World War II did blind tests in unsystematic controlled assessment became a typical and normative procedure.In medication and psychology, blind interrogation began as prevention against the unconventional, but its universal s ignificance has been renowned for orthodox study it has been internalized. While examiners in unorthodox medical and their incredulous columnists have been conscious of the likely impacts of anticipation and credence for over two hundred years, and conventional health explorers and psychologists for decades, this knowledge ha spread extensively throughout the scientific society.The beliefs and prospects in other experimenters in other branches of science seem to be ignored. There appears to be an implicit supposition that scientists in conventional grounds of study are resistant to the broad code that values, needs and prospects can control, frequently subconsciously, how we view and deduce things (Schulz & Grimes, 2002). This published report in the scientific literature evaluates how often blind measures were used in diverse branches of science.University science sectors were requested to explain whether obscure methodologies were trained or experimented upon. The outcome disclose s that blind methodologies are seldom if ever all over or trained in any of the three sciences. The use of blind measures in various branches of science presents a gauge of the significance researchers in that field of battle join to experimenter impacts.

Question 1 Of The 1960’s Coursework

From radical A we can learn what a big impact the Beatles had on London. The origin of the source is the actress Joanna Lumley, the nature of this source is a written description and the purpose of the source to inform us about the impact of the Beatles.Extraordinary silence this suggest the Beatles had such a massive impacted on London that everyone was watching the Beatles. emptiness had descended upon London, on England, on Britain this is showing us just what impact the Beatles made on the whole of Britain in addition hurried and sprinted is showing the excitement of this incredible god like raft. No one was percolaten by the flower -stall showing what people would give up just to see this band and yet again just showing how big they were. Fab four showing in that location celebrity status. It was very heaven to be alive this just sums up her feelings of what she thought it was like to live back in the 1960sUnfortunately this source is quite one sided seeing as this source i s an account written 30 years after these events had happened and quite dramatic in her views. She knows how big they become and this also influences her memories, as back in 1964 they werent as big as they were later. incontrovertible Joanna Lumley wasnt your ordinary teen back then she had celebrity status and seen things a lot more differently than other teens back then.This is a more living view on her views, A hot summers evening not everyone is going to be inside watching the Beatles its not like everyone loves them. London, on England, on Britain the whole area wasnt interested in them and they were barely known throughout Britain anyway seeing as this was only the start of the Beatles. The nation held its breath the Beatles were mostly a teen band and not all teens would of even liked them and how would see know this anyway. instead of the rush hour an extraordinary silence this just shows how blinded she has become while typography this and its like shes writing more o n the impacted they did have on the 1960s on a whole, not back in 1964. Being cool, hip, smart, lippy, champing, and funny. How does she know what there personalities are like she didnt even know them, no one did and thats why they have drug allegations behind them so she surly didnt know them that well.In my remnant she sets up the impact the Beatles on a massive scale but reality how could she know this and we know this isnt true seeing as they were more of a teen band and were barley famous at this time anyway. I fell this source is showing us more of the impact the Beatles had on Lumley in person and not what it had on the nation as a whole this is why we cannot trust this source completly.

Channels of Distribution and Logistics

Chapter 6 take of dissemination and logistics LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the give up of this chapter you go out n n n n omprehend key elements and decisions in distri exactlyion origin design be able to evaluate diverse configurations of contribute structure be familiar with recent trends and developments in transmit of dispersal appreciate the importance of managing the physical flows of cross airs, military run and information into, finished, and out of the organization to its customers n grasp the meaning and scope of physical scattering and logistics management n be aw atomic effect 18 of developments and trends in production and manufacturing, social occasionicularly the produce of lean manufacturing and implications for logistics n recognize the purpose of Information Technology and trade in logistics Channels of dissemination and logistics 191 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter deals with the place element of trade strategy (i. e. placement of cheeseparings and swear outs from their respective permitrs into the hands of customers). Before we discuss the structure of merchandising conduct, followed by logistics, it is reusable that we look at their emergence and the endures that press out perform. THE CONSUMER WANTS CYCLE The word tune has its origins in the word for digestal, which for marketing freighter be interpreted as a route taken by products as they flow from production to points of intermediate and last(a) use. Marketing is a key factor in a free burning cycle that begins and ends with consumer wants. It is the role of he vender to interpret consumer wants and combine them with empirical market data much(prenominal)(prenominal) as location of consumers, their numbers and preferences, to establish the startle point for manufacture. On completion of manufacture, the finished product is moved to the consumer and the cycle is complete when he or she obtains satisfaction resulting from product self- willing. THE PRODUCERUSER cranny Despite the growth of direct marketing (to be discussed in Chapter 10) in todays complex economy, just about manufacturing professions still do non portion out directly to final exploiters. Between them and consumers lie marketing intermediaries. A distribution extend bridges the gap amid user and producer, and so plays an integral role in the cause of the marketing concept. Relationships among agate line fragments atomic number 18 influenced by the structure of the deal.Marketing carry dismiss be described as sets of inter babelike organizations involved in the process of make a product or function purchasable for use or consumption. DEMAND STIMULUS In entree to marketing take satisfying demand by provisoing goods and services in the right location, at the correct quantity and price, they should stimulate demand through promotional activities of give awayers, manufacturers and contacts. In this way, a marketing guide should be 192 Channels of distri bution and logistics viewed non just as a demand satisfier, but as an orchestrated interlock that creates value for consumers through the generation of form, possession, time and place utilities.We start by examining ways in which distribution systems be designed and how blood policy is determined, depending on the degree of market exposure sought by a comp whatever. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN The starting point for marketing business design is the end consumer. Although an understanding of consumer purchasing patterns is essential, in that respect argon other factors that influence agate line organization n n n n n There whitethorn be a restriction in choice of outlets available to suppliers, e. g. sell outlets may already have been undecomposedd by established manufacturers. Channel design will be influenced by the number, size and geographic concentration of consumers.If customers atomic number 18 few in number, but bighearted and geographic in ally concentrated, it m ay be that direct channels will be suitable. If customers atomic number 18 dispersed, the mechanics of direct channels become increasingly difficult and there will be a need for a large number of intermediaries. Product characteristics affect channel design. Industrial goods manufacturers tend to use direct channels, but there argon other factors that influence the decision. biodegradable goods, for flake, need to be turned over quickly so direct methods are often applied. Non-perishable, non-bulky goods batch be handled via indirect channels. Some products are to a great extent suited to indirect channels because of environmental characteristics.For example, in some countries shopping is seen very much as being a leisure activity particularly for items kindred clothing and piece of furniture, so much so that companies such as the Swedish company IKEA have made this a central part of their note model. Some organizations have limited discretion over marketing channel choice owing to economic conditions and legal restrictions. In certain(a) of the Eastern European and Baltic countries such as Estonia, Latvia and Uzbekistan there is still restricted choice in terms of the range and scope of retail outlets for marketers. Any channel decision will have long-term implications for the company, e. g. price will be affected depending on the number of trains among the manufacturer and the end user.A decision to change channels is likely be long term so it is eventful that breathing channel structures are constantly reviewed to exploit opportunities. STRATEGIC CHANNEL CHOICES An important reflexion when formulating channel policy is the degree of market exposure sought by the company. Choices available include Channels of distribution and logistics 193 n n n intense distribution where products are placed in as umteen outlets as possible. This is nearly common when customers purchase goods frequently, e. g. household goods such as detergents or toothpas te. wide-cut exposure gives customers many opportunities to buy and the image of the outlet is not important.The aim is to achieve maximum coverage. Selective distribution where products are placed in a much limited number of outlets in define geographic demesnes. Instead of widespread exposure, selective distribution seeks to show products in the most promising or profitable outlets, e. g. high-end designer clothes. Exclusive distribution where products are placed in unrivalled outlet in a ad hoc area. This finds about a stronger alliance among mete outer and re-seller and results in strong bonds of loyalty. Part of the pact usually requires the dealer not to carry competing lines, and the result is a more than aggressive merchandising effort by the distributor of the companys products, e. g. n exclusive enfranchisement to sell a vehicle brand in a specific geographical area, in return for which the franchisee agrees to cede an appropriate after sales service back-up. We mickle see that there are several key decisions to stumble when determining the companys distribution system. Its importance is underlined by the fact that the choice of distribution channel has an effect on all elements of the marketing shamble and these are long term. TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF carry Marketing channels buns be characterized according to the number of channel levels. Each refuge that take a shits to bring the product to the point of consumption is included. The number of intermediaries involved in channel operation determines on how many levels it operates.There are four main types of channel level in consumer markets as shown in approximate 6. 1. The first-class honours degree three levels (zero, mavin and both) are self explanatory. The three level channel includes a jobber, or merchant Zero level channel manufacturer Consumer One level channel manufacturer Retailer Consumer twain level channel manufacturer mite Retailer Consumer Three level ch annel manufacturer FIGURE 6. 1 Wholesaler Jobber Retailer Consumer Channel relationships 194 Channels of distribution and logistics wholesaler who intervenes amidst the wholesaler and retailer. It is the jobbers role to buy from wholesalers and sell to smaller retailers, who are not usually serviced by larger wholesalers.Within each channel, intermediaries are machine-accessible by three types of flow 1 somatogenetic flow describes movement of goods from raw material that is processed in motley stages of manufacture until it reaches the final consumer. In the case of a towel manufacturer raw material is cotton yarn which flows from the grower via transporters to the manufacturers warehouses and plants. Title flow is the walkwayage of ownership from one channel institution to other when manufacturing towels, title to raw materials passes from the supplier to the manufacturer. Ownership of finished towels passes from manufacturer to the wholesaler or retailer and then to the fin al consumer. Information flow involves the directed flow of influence from activities such as advertising, personal sell, sales promotion and publicity from one member to other members in the system.Manufacturers of towels direct promotion, and information flows to retailers or wholesalers, k straightwayn as trade promotion. This type of activity may also be directed to end consumers, i. e. end user promotion. 2 3 Conventional marketing channels comprise autonomous tune sector units, each performing a defined set of marketing belongs. Co-ordination among channel members is through the bargaining process. Membership of the channel is relatively easy, loyalty is low and this type of network tends to be unstable. Members ra affirm co-operate with each member working one by one of others. Decision makers are more concerned with cost and investment relationships at a single stage of the marketing process and tend to be affiliated to established working practices.Most food food mar ket products in the European Union are marketed through conventional marketing channels autonomous food and grocery producers are responsible for growing, rearing and manufacturing products and brands. These are sold through a series of wholesalers and retailers such as Sainsburys, Aldi, Lidl, Tesco or motorcarrefour each operating as independent moving ines in the chain and selling to their own customers. Vertical marketing systems are in contrast to conventional channels where members co-ordinate activities among polar levels of the channel to reach a desired target market. The essential feature is that participants acknowledge and desire interdependence, and view it as being in their best longterm interests.For the channel to head for the hills as a upright marketing system, one of the member firms must(prenominal) be acknowledged as the leader typically the dominant firm, which female genital organ be expected to take a significant risk position and usually has the great est relative powerfulness deep down the channel. An example of a vertical marketing system is that of franchising. The franchiser, usually on the basis of having a powerful brand or perhaps a patent/copyright, for a payment, allows franchisees to produce or distribute the product or service. The franchiser effectively directs the channel, including aspects such as product ingredients, advertising and marketing, pricing, etc. through formal and legally enforceable savvys. Franchising is an example of what are termed contractual vertical marketing systems which we bet again shortly.Corporate vertical marketing is when a company owns two or more traditional levels of the channel. In many economies corporate vertical channels have arisen as a result of a desire for growth on the part of companies through vertical integration. Two types of vertical integration are possible with respect Channels of distribution and logistics 195 to the direction at heart which the vertical integra tion moves a company in the supply chain when a manufacturer buys, say, a retail chain, this is referred to as forward integration with respect to the chain. Backward integration is moving upstream in the supply chain, e. g. when a retailer invests in manufacturing or a manufacturer invests in a raw material source.Although the end result of such movements is a corporate vertical marketing channel, often the stimulus to such movement is less to do with channel economies and efficiencies, and more with control over access to supply or demand, entry into a profitable business or overall scale and operating economies. Much vertical integration activity which took place during the 1990s in many economies resulted in lower overall profitability levels, and in some cases, the demise of companies involved, as companies overextended themselves and/or moved into areas where they had little expertise. Because of this, many companies have now turned their attention towards contractual systems for achieving growth and more control through the vertical marketing system.Many of the large oil companies are examples of corporate vertical marketing. They sentiment for oil, extract it, process it, distribute and retail it through their petrol stations. Other companies operate partial corporate vertical marketing systems in that they integrate merely one way. Zara (the clothing retailer) is integrated vertically backward with manufacturing facilities. Firestone (the tyre manufacturer) on the other hand, is vertically integrated forward owning its own tyre retailers. Many companies hold their obligations within channel networks by employing legitimate power as a means of control achieved by using contractual agreements.Nearly all transactions between businesses are covered by some form of contract, and as such the contractual agreement determines the marketing roles of each party within the contract. Indeed, the locale of business office usually lies with individual members . The most common form of contractual agreement are franchises and unforced and co-operative aggroups. Franchises are where the parent company grants an individual person or relatively small company the right or privilege to do business in a prescribed manner over a certain time period in a specified place. The parent company is referred to as the franchiser (or franchisor) and may occupy any position in the channel network. The franchise retailer is termed the franchisee.There are four rudimentary types of franchise system n n n n Manufacturer/retailer franchise, e. g. service stations where most of the garage petrol stations such as Shell and Esso are franchisees of the large oil exploration and refining companies. Manufacturer/wholesaler franchise e. g. Coca-Cola sell drinks they manufacture to franchised wholesalers, who in turn bottle and distribute soft drinks to retailers. This type of arrangement is common in the food and drinks markets with many of the large companies fr anchising part of their manufacturing and or wholesaling activities to others. The wholesaler/retailer franchise. Many retail chains are franchisees of large wholesalers.These wholesalers saw the value of securing a measure of control, and of course a share of the retail profits, from marketing their products and brands. The most notable example is Spar which advertises itself as Spar, your 8. 00 till late shop, and of course all retail members must abide by this promise. The service/sponsor retailer franchise e. g. McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Subway, Car Rental companies like Avis and Hertz and services like DynoRod and Prontaprint. This is the best known and certainly most ubiquitous of franchising arrangements and it has enabled many organizations to rapidly expand their global operations. 196 Channels of distribution and logistics There are dissimilar types of franchise arrangement, e. g.McDonalds insists that franchisees purchase from official suppliers they give up bu ilding and design specifications, help locate finance for franchisees and impose quality standards to which each unit must adhere in order to hold its franchise. stringent inspection through secret shoppers (explained in Chapter 12) ensures franchise rules are being obeyed. Franchises share a set of common features and operating procedures 1 2 3 4 A franchise essentially sells a nationally, or internationally, recognized trade name, process, or business format to the franchisee. The franchiser normally projects expert advice e. g. location selection, capitalization, operation and marketing. Most franchises operate a central purchasing system at national or international level to enable cost savings to be made at the individual franchise level.The franchise is subject to a contract binding both(prenominal) parties that normally requires the franchisee to pay a franchise fee and royalty fees to the franchiser, but the franchisee owns the business as opposed to being employed. The f ranchiser often provides initial and continuous training to the franchisee. 5 Contractual vertical marketing systems like franchising have been one of the fastest growing areas of marketing and distribution. Substantial advantages derive from the franchising system. From a system that essentially involves two independent parties voluntarily agreeing to contract with each other, advantages accrue to both the franchisee and franchiser. Advantages to the franchisee are n n n n n n The franchisee gains the benefit of being able to sell a long-familiar product or service which has been market tested and known to work.The franchisee enjoys access to the knowledge, aim, reputation and image of the franchiser. Because of this the franchisee is able to enter a business much more easily than setting up from scratch. The learning curve is shortened, expensive mistakes can be avoided, and there is less chance of business failure. Although the franchisee has the backing of what is often the lar ge organization of the franchiser, the franchisee is still essentially an independent business with all that this implies for motivation to succeed. The franchisee is often helped by national or international advertising and promotion by the franchiser which would be beyond the means of a small independent business.The franchisee enjoys the use of the franchisers trademark, continuous research and development and market information. The franchiser will normally provide a system of management controls such as accountancy, sales and descent control procedures. Advantages to the franchiser are n Finding and recruiting a network of franchisees enables rapid growth as wider distribution can be achieved with less capital. Channels of distribution and logistics 197 n n n n The individual franchisee is more motivated than a hired manager might be. The franchiser secures captive outlets for products or services, especially in the case of trade name franchising and private labels. Franchise and royalty fees provide a regular stream of income for the franchiser.The terms of the franchise contract normally give the franchiser substantial control over how the franchise is operated and normally the franchiser can terminate a contract should the relationship turn out to be unsatisfactory. The costs of such terminations are likely to be less than if the franchiser was operating a corporate possess facility with staff on the payroll. Normally, terms and restrictions on location and sale of the business by the franchisee ensure that the franchiser is able to maintain territorial exclusivity for its franchisees. There are disadvantages, but the franchise relationship combines the strengths of both small and large scale businesses. The franchisee is the small business person who is able to respond to local market conditions and offer personal services to customers.The franchiser passes on economies of scale in national advertising and bulk purchasing. For a franchise to be succ essful both parties need to work towards a common goal and avoid meshs which requires frequent and open communication between partners if the system is to meet changing market conditions composition maintaining its integrity. What constitutes the main disadvantages of franchising depends from whose persuasion we are looking the franchisee or the franchiser. The main disadvantages of franchising from each perspective are Disadvantages to franchiser n The franchiser loses some control over the provision and marketing of the brand. Poor service on the part of the franchisee can result in lines for brand image. Ideas and techniques can be copied even if seemingly well protected by patents and copyright arrangements. n Some proportion of profit has to be foregone. n There may be less commitment and en and theniasm from the franchisee. n Often franchisees lack business skills or experience. Disadvantages to the franchisee n lack of support from franchiser n franchiser may go out of bu siness n lack of flexibility/scope to use enterprise n close control from franchiser. Franchising is not solely confined to consumer products like fast food. It is employ for a wide range of products and services in both consumer and industrial markets. Voluntary and co-operative groups emerged in the 1930s as a response to competitor from chain stores.The scope of co-operative effort has expanded from concentrated buying power to the development of programmes involving centralized consumer advertising and promotion, store location and layout, financing, accounting and a package of support services. 198 Channels of distribution and logistics Generally, wholesale sponsored voluntary groups have been more effective competitors than retail sponsored co-operative groups. Primarily this is because of the difference in channel organization between the two. In the former, a wholesaler can provide strong leaders, because it re indicates the locus of power within the voluntary system and this is normally supported by a brand name like Spar.In the latter, power is diffused throughout the retail membership and role specification and allocation of resources are more difficult to accomplish. The principal purpose here is in bulk purchasing. In voluntary groups, retail members have relinquished some of their autonomy by making themselves highly dependent on specific wholesalers for expertise. In retail co-operative chains, individuals retain more autonomy and this tends to depend much less strongly on the supply unit for assistance and direction. This type of organization is not to be confused with the Co-operative movement that was founded in 1844 by the Rochdale, Lancashire, Society of Equitable Pioneers who were a group of 28 weavers and other workers.As mechanization of the Industrial Revolution pushed more and more skilled workers into poverty, tradesmen band together to open their own store selling items they could not otherwise afford. Over four months they pooled together ? 28 of capital. They opened their store with a raw material selection of dry goods and foodstuffs and quickly moved into higher quality unadulterated produce. They devised the internationally famous Rochdale Principles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 open membership democratic control (one person, one vote) distribution of surplus in proportion to trade payment of limited interest on capital political and religious neutrality cash trading (no credit) promotion of education.Administered vertical marketing systems (VMS) do not have the formal arrangements of a contractual system or the clarity of power dependence of a corporate system. It is a co-ordinated system of distribution channel organization in which the flow of products from the producer to the end user is controlled by the power and size of one member of the channel system rather than by common ownership or contractual ties. Member organizations acknowledge the existence of dependence and adhere to the leadership of the dominant f irm, which may operate at any level in the channel. Large retail organizations like Marks & Spencer typify this system. In administered systems like Marks & Spencer, units can exist with disparate goals, but there is informal collaboration on comprehensive goals.Decision making occurs by virtue of interaction between channel members in the absence of a formal inclusive structure. However, the locus of authority still dust with individual channel members. As in conventional channels commitment is selforiented and there is a minimum amount of system-wide orientation among the members. As McCammon1 observes Manufacturing organizations . . . have historically relied on administrative expertise to coordinate reseller marketing efforts. Suppliers with dominant brands have predictably experienced the least difficulty in securing strong trade support, but many manufacturers with Channels of distribution and logistics 199 fringe items have been able to elicit reseller co-operation through the use of liberal distribution policies that take the form of attractive discounts, pecuniary assistance, and various types of concessions that protect resellers from one or more of the risks of doing business. An example of a successful administered VMS in is that of the furniture/lifestyle retailer, IKEA who has developed close working relationships with its suppliers. performing as the channel co-ordinator, IKEA is committed to cost-effective supply and their suppliers benefit from the channel leadership of an effective and marketing-oriented retailer. Administered VMS are one step removed from conventional marketing channels. In an administered system, co-ordination of marketing activities is achieved by the use of programmes developed by one or a limited number of firms.Successful administered systems are conventional channels in which the principles of effective inter-organizational management have been correctly applied. Before we discuss how such marketing channels are co- ordinated, it is important that we discuss their structure. STRUCTURE OF MARKETING CHANNELS The marketing channel has two basic aspects 1 2 the placement of intermediary types of channel in relation to each other i. e. the order in which they occur the number of opposite intermediary levels or stages in the channel i. e. how many different separate types of intermediary are involved, so types of intermediary and number of levels determine the structure of a marketing channel. There are several types of channel structure, dependent on the type of goods.An example of a structure for consumer goods such as food and clothing is shown in Figure 6. 2. This contour is based on three assumptions 1 2 3 The channel consists of complete organizations. Manufacturers agents and selling agents are included with the merchants even though they do not take title to the goods. Physical movement follows exactly the movement of ownership. We must understand the key authors for the emergence of chan nel structures. Four logical steps can be identified 1 2 3 4 The efficiency of the process can be amplifyd via an intermediary. Channel intermediaries arise to adjust the discrepancy of assortments through the accomplishment of the sorting processes.Marketing agencies remain together in channel arrangements to provide the ordinary of transactions. Channels exist to facilitate ram homeies and to avoid inventory stock-outs. 200 Channels of distribution and logistics 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 M 7 M 8 M 9 M C W R A R W W A C W W C R W W W C C C R C R C R C R C M = Manufacturer W = Wholesaler A = Agent (sells for manufacturers) R = Retailer C = Consumer FIGURE 6. 2 A typical example of structure for consumer goods Rationale for intermediaries As numbers of transactions increase, the need for intermediaries becomes greater. The marketing channel is a canal which contains the physical flow of products.Because of the complex array of intermediaries operating within a channel, which may be i nvolved in one or all aspects of channel function, the channel may also be visualized as a chain-link arrangement where each intermediary unit is effectively a link. Manufacturers are dependent on the effectiveness of their intermediaries if their channels of distribution are to meet their marketing goals. Intermediaries of a channel specialize in more than one function. Their inclusion primarily depends on their superior efficiency in the performance of basic marketing tasks. Such intermediaries, through their experience, specialization, contacts and scale of operation, offer other channel members more than they can achieve on their own. However, this type of specialization leads to some important behavioural concepts. Position and role Each channel member chooses a position or location in the channel. Role refers to the functions and degree of performance expected of the firm filling a position. Channel intermediaries perform the distribution function at a lower unit cost than the manufacturer who is the intermediary most distanced from the consumer, and they balance the production efficiencies of the supplier to the purchasing needs of the customer. Another reason is to break down large account books into smaller quantities, termed breaking bulk, e. g. a furniture retailer places an order for 100 tables, but the individual buys only one. When we consider the selling process, the number of intermediaries can foreshorten the number of transactions Channels of distribution and logistics 201 ontained within the selling process. See Figure 6. 3. Figure 6. 3 shows that there are four manufacturers and ten retailers who buy goods from each manufacturer. Here the number of contact lines amounts to 40 (i. e. 4 10). If all four manufacturers sell to 10 retailers through one intermediary, the number of contacts is reduced to 14 (i. e. 4 10). The number of contacts increases as the number of intermediaries increases, e. g. when the number of wholesalers is increased to 2, contacts will increase from 14 to 28 (i. e. 4 2 10 2). Thus, greater numbers of intermediaries result in diminishing returns per contact. (a) Selling directly ManufacturersRetailers 40 contact lines (b) Selling through one wholesaler Manufacturers Wholesaler Retailers 14 contact lines (c) Selling through two wholesalers Manufacturers Wholesalers Retailers 28 contact lines FIGURE 6. 3 The economics of intermediary systems 202 Channels of distribution and logistics Assortment and sorting In addition to increasing the efficiency of transactions, intermediaries smooth the flow of goods and services by creating what economists refer to as possession, place and time utilities. This smoothing requires that intermediaries perform a sorting function to overcome the discrepancy that arises between goods produced by manufacturers and goods demanded by the consumer.In addition, intermediaries bring together a range of similar or related items into a large stock, thus facilitating the buyi ng process. A supermarket will buy in thousands of lines to provide shoppers with choice, and a builders merchant will provide everything from sand and gravel to light fittings that the builder can use. In this way, intermediaries play an important role in facilitating the flow of products from the manufacturer to the consumer. Routine transactions The cost of distribution can be minimized if transactions are routinized. In effect, through routinization, a sequence of marketing agencies is able to hang together in a channel arrangement or structure.A good example is automatic ordering, whereby the cost of placing orders is reduced when retail inventory levels reach the necessary re-order point. Searching Buyers and sellers are often engaged in similar activities within the marketplace. There is a degree of uncertainty if manufacturers are unsure of customer wants and needs, and consumers are not always sure what they will find. In this respect, marketing channels facilitate the sear ching process in two ways 1 2 Wholesale and retail institutions are organized by different product groups for example, fashion, hardware, grocery. Many products are widely available from wide ranging locations. FLOWS IN MARKETING CHANNELSWhen we discuss marketing flows, there will be times when the word function could be used, but here we refer to marketing flows in channels as a better method of describing movement. In this way, we can show that various intermediaries that make up a marketing channel are connected by several distinguishable types of flow, summarized in Figure 6. 4, which depicts eight universal flows. The figure shows that physical possession, ownership and promotion are typically forward flows from producer to consumer. Each of these moves is down the channel a manufacturer promotes the product to a wholesaler, who in turn promotes it to a retailer, and so on. Negotiation, financing and risking flows move in both directions, whereas ordering and payment are backwa rd flows.Financing is the most important of these flows at any one time, when stocks are being held by one member of the channel, financing is in operation. When a wholesaler takes ownership and physical Channels of distribution and logistics 203 Physical possession Ownership Promotion Producers Retailers Negotiation Financing Rising Ordering Payment Wholesalers Customers household and industrial FIGURE 6. 4 Marketing flows in channels Woolly Thinking Under the auspices of the Confederation of British Wool Textiles (CBWT), groups of British wool textile manufacturers exchange information and ideas. The Confederation is organized into distinguishable groups in the constancy with each group representing a particular stage in the manufacturing and processing of wool.For example, there is a group representing Raw Fibre Producers, another representing Spinners, another representing Fabric Manufacturers and one representing the interests of Dyers and Finishers. possession of a portion o f the output of a manufacturer, the wholesaler is essentially financing the manufacturer. This notion is apparent if the costs of stock are considered. Stock held in stores as dormant stock is dead money, but if this is freed via a wholesaler, this dead money is available for reinvestment. The furniture industry exemplifies the flow. Traditional furniture retailers operating on a sold-order basis do not participate in the backward financing flow.However, warehouse type furniture retailers participate in this flow directly, and receive benefits from manufacturers in the form of lower prices and preferential treatment. This backward flow of financing is not solely associated with stockholding, another example being prepayment for merchandise. The problem is that in the event of any downturn in sales the warehouse type retailer with large sums of money tied up in stock is very vulnerable to cash flow and liquidity problems. To underline this, blaming the downturn in the UK housing mar ket in July 2009, the UKs endorse largest carpet retailer, Allied Carpets, called in the receiver. 204Channels of distribution and logistics Forward flow of financing is more common. All terms of sale, with the exception of cash on de coloredy and prepayment, may be viewed as elements of the forward flow of financing. In addition to these flows there is information flow. Typically, information regarding product attributes is passed down the channel, often with the dominant channel member having greater influence on this function. Marketing information is passed back up the channels. In addition, information flows horizontally, i. e. with intermediaries operating at the same level, such as roughage manufacturers, communicating for mutual benefit.CHANNEL CO-ORDINATION However well designed a marketing channel may be it is important that it is organized and coordinated, otherwise activities and flows will not operate effectively, and the ripe potential of the system will not be in truthized. Emphasis should be placed on understanding behavioural dimensions of inter-organizational relationships, because through such understanding, the manager can organize, manipulate and exploit available resources. The long-term objective of channel management is to achieve, at a reasonable cost, the greatest possible intrusion at the end user level, so that individual members of the channel can obtain satisfactory returns (e. g. rofits, market share) as compensation for their specific contributions. The behaviour of intermediaries within any given(p) structural arrangement should thus be directed towards achieving high yield performance. Once the marketing management of an organization isolates the market targets to attack, and the products and services which it must supply in order to satisfy needs and wants in those various segments, the question of how best to make products and services available for consumption arises. Figure 6. 5 identifies four major steps that repre sent the co-ordination process. The first step is to determine the level of service outputs demanded by end users of the commercial channel system.Service outputs that are among the most significant in distribution are, for example, lot size. Some companies insist on a minimum order level. Under this limit they will not apply the order. In contrast, often smaller companies are unable or unwilling to supply orders over a certain size. A second type of service output is delivery or waiting time, or how long it takes from order to delivery. A threesome service output relates to market decentralization or spatial convenience, namely, to where the provider will deliver. For example, some suppliers will only deliver locally whereas at the other extreme some will undertake to deliver anywhere in the world. Finally, there is breadth and depth of product or service assortment.This refers to whether or not the provider is able to supply a full range of products and services or only a select ed range, i. e. a one -stop shopping facility. The second step involves identifying the marketing tasks that need to be carried out in order to achieve the service outputs, and which channel members have the capability to perform the tasks. Management must then determine whether, through the use of channel control strategies, they will be able to control the behaviour of real channel members or be compelled to integrate channel flow vertically so the required service outputs are provided to end users. Channels of distribution and logistics 205 Step 1 Determine service output levels required by customersStep 2 Analyse the roles which channel members must perform to assure delivery of the required service outputs Step 3 Use economic and other power bases to motivate channel members to carry out their assigned roles Step 4 Devise apparatuss for dealing with negates that occur within the channel FIGURE 6. 5 Stages in the channel co-ordination process For example, if a desired level of service output is that orders must be fulfilled within five working days then the channel and logistics system must be designed to reach this service level. If intermediaries in the channel are unwilling or unable to meet this service output then utility(a) channel arrangements must be found.Without effective channel management and control there is no guarantee that the desired service outcomes will be achieved, so a major issue in channel management relates to where, and to what extent, marketing flow participation should be assumed to generate the desired service outputs e. g. if a car buyer needs finance, the manufacturer, the retailer or an outside intermediary should provide it, but lending services must be readily available if the consumer is going to feel comfortable in considering a specific purchase that requires finance. In a situation where no channel intermediary is willing to accept the risk of financing, the initial supplier may have to assume this, i. e. it would prefer to specialize in those flows that it can perform at a comparative advantage.The third step in the co-ordinative process is to determine which strategies should be used to achieve the desired results, irrespective of whether management decides to invest in integrating functions or whether it deals with independent companies. Essentially this is an issue of where and how power is applied in the channel. Power is the ability to get somebody to do a task. In the context of a marketing channel it can be defined in terms of how one channel member can exert influence on another channel member. For example, due to their size and purchasing power, many retail multiples in the UK like Marks & Spencer are able to exercise substantial power over their suppliers.Power is the mechanism by which congruent and effective roles become specified, roles become realigned when necessary, and appropriate role performance is enforced. There are several bases of power, which include reward, coercion and expertise. 206 Channels of distribution and logistics The fourth step involves setting up mechanisms to deal with scrap issues that may arise so that the channel will continue to provide the desired service outputs even if channel members disagree. Very often channel members perform unique roles. Thus, manufacturers specialize in production and national promotions, while retailers specialize in merchandising, distribution and promotion at a local level. This specialization means that channel members become reliant on each other to achieve objectives.There has to be co-operation between channel members, as without it, the task will not be completed. Such co-operation does not always come easy and needs to be cultivated. CHANNEL contravene There is a danger that there will be conflicts of interest and distribution channels will exhibit levels of conflict. For example, suppliers may want to deliver weekly to a retailer, but the retailer wants to hold less stock, so may want dail y deliveries. Ideally, channel members should attempt to coordinate their objectives, plans and activities with other intermediaries such that performance of the total distribution system to which they belong is enhanced.Evidence supports the view that such integrated activity throughout the length of the marketing channel is rare and channel participants are not too concerned with transactions that occur between each of the various channel links. Channel intermediaries are more concerned about relations between channel members immediately adjacent to themselves, from whom they buy, and to whom they sell. Channel intermediaries do not function as component members of a distribution system, but operate independently, making decisions concerning their own methods of operation, functions performed and clients served as well as deciding their own objectives, policies and programmes.Therefore, a marketing channel should be a set of interlocking and mutually dependent elements and it is i n the interests of all channel members for there to be a substantial degree of co-operation, but an almost inevitable feature is potential conflict between members which should be taken into account when making channel arrangements. It is possible that healthy competition can lead to conflict and management should seek ways to reduce this conflict. Conflict in distribution channels can occur in different forms as follows 1 2 Horizontal conflict is related to competition among similar types of intermediaries at the same level in the channel e. g. two household textile stores in competition with each another.Intertype conflict refers to competition among different types of intermediaries at the same level in the channel. This kind of competition has intensified since the advent of scrambled merchandising by retailers (where retailers add new product lines that are unrelated to their normal lines of business) e. g. supermarkets have added homewares and clothing to their product line s, offering consumers a wider product range and attaining higher margins. Intertype conflict is significant as it reflects a way in which industries remain efficient and respond to changing market conditions. Vertical conflict refers to competition among different levels in a channel.Such problems can be minus to existing co-operative relationships e. g. in recent years some of the major car producers have been in conflict with their distributors over matters like pricing and discount policies, stockholding levels and exclusivity agreements. 3 Channels of distribution and logistics 207 Stress and conflict can be in a dormant state times of change cause existing extend to peak, lead story to hostility among channel members. Some conflict is inevitable in channels and may even be positive in that it can prompt needed changes. The earlier example regarding retailers selling manufacturers brands at lower prices than manufacturers wish is an example of vertical conflict.Selling of br ands like Levis and Calvin Klein at prices lower than those recommended by manufacturers has given rise to vertical conflict in the channel. Other examples of this type of conflict in the UK recently have been the selling of discounted books and discounted pharmaceutical products by the large retail supermarket groups. Goal incompatibility Channel members appear to share a common goal maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the total system. However, each firm exists as a separate legal entity, each with its own employees, owners and other interested parties who help shape its goals and strategies. Some firms goals may be incompatible with the aims and objectives of other channel members.This incompatibility can be a primary cause of stress which will ultimately result in conflict. The distribution of channel profits is a typical example. Each institution will desire the highest possible profit for the whole channel and the natural tendency will be towards co-operation to ac hieve maximum profit levels. However, each individual firm can be expected to desire the largest obtainable share of total channel profits. The predictable result is conflict over the allocation process. Even if goals are compatible, there may be disagreements about methods employed all channel members may agree that increases in volume of a product are desirable, but may disagree on the means employed to accomplish it.Wholesalers may desire more shelf seat for better positioning of products in retail stores retailers may feel that more advertising and promotional effort by the manufacturer would accomplish the objective of an increase in sales. The result is conflict over which method to use. Position, role and domain incongruence In a channel consisting of a manufacturer using only wholesalers who sell to retailers, there will be a realignment of the roles and domains of each party. By serving large retailers direct, positions will be re-specified. Changes in position specificati on, or poorly defined positions, can precipitate conflict among channel members, so the manufacturer must anticipate and understand the expected behaviour of such members. In situations where consensus does not exist, conflict can be expected.Because each role represents a code of conduct defining the channel members expected contribution, adequate performance is detailed to maintaining harmony within the channel system. Inadequate performance, or failure to behave in the prescribed manner, frustrates attempts by one firm to predict what the other will do and such frustration is a major cause of channel conflict. Conflict may also arise when there is lack of agreement concerning who is the channel leader (termed the channel captain). If channel members disagree on the domain of firms in the system, there will be conflict and an inability to achieve goals. If domains overlap, and two or more firms lay claim to the same functions, products or customers, disagreement might lead to hos tility.The conflict between car producers and their distributors just described, in part stems from the issue of 208 Channels of distribution and logistics who controls the channel. In the past it has been the car companies who have been channel captains but market and legislative changes have shifted the balance more towards distributors, bounteous rise to conflict. Communication breakdown Communication breakdowns may cause conflict in two ways 1 The failure of one firm to pass on vital information to other channel members. A manufacturer wishing to maintain a competitive advantage may decide not to announce a new product until a national distribution programme has been developed.Retailers, on the other hand, need information about new products as soon as possible to prepare their own strategy for the introductory period. Distortion within the message process is called noise that often arises from confused manner of speaking nuances. When channel members attach different meanings to language and terminology (e. g. if their roles are unclear and confused) stress results and there is potential for conflict. Speculation surrounding the health of Apple foreman Steve Jobs caused problems for the company and its distributors. In January 2009 the annual MacWorld conference normally used to announce new products and developments was cancelled.This caused speculation in the trade about whether or not Jobs would continue. The problem was not so much Jobs illness bur rather the rumours about it. In July 2009 it was announced that Jobs was making a good recovery from a liver transplant. 2 Communication breakdowns are common in specialist business areas. Noise arises when functional specialists develop terminology that means little to those outside that business environment. Unclear communication with non-specialists can play a part in developing conflict so the specialist should ensure that communication theory have been understood. Differing perceptions of human ra ce Different solutions to mutual problems can lead to confliction behaviour.Even when channel members have a strong desire to co-operate and goal agreement exists, conflict can occur when perceptions of the real facts differ. Bare Bellies Update Dear all, further to my e-mail yesterday, Ive had clarification that a new system for producing bare belly information will be in place. Please note there will no longer be blank bare belly sheets available in departments. Confused? So was this organizations staff who received this e-mail. The e-mail was from the organizations publicity department and was sent to all staff. Bare bellies is a term used by printers to denote blank sheets to be printed on. The e-mail related to the production of company promotional material. Channels of distribution and logistics 209Each channel member brings to the relationship different backgrounds and prejudices facts are likely to be interpreted according to prior experience. All members may agree that the channel is not functioning as effectively as desired each channel member may perceive a different reason for this lack of effectiveness. Manufacturers may feel that a retailers lack of stock is due to failure to maintain adequate safety stock levels and realistic reorder points. The retailer may feel that inventory policies are realistic and that the problem is caused by the manufacturers inability to meet scheduled delivery times. Each party is interpreting the situation based upon experience and natural prejudices associated with its own position and role. Ideological differencesSometimes there may be a fundamental ideological conflict in channels which stems from big business and small business perceptions of management, particularly concerning the appropriate level of sales effort. For example, a manufacturer may be so satisfied with the performance of a wholesaler in a given territory that pressure is exerted on the wholesaler to expand the line of products on offer, whereas th e wholesaler may be satisfied with allowing the business to continue to run in its present form. In this way, pressures exerted by the manufacturer will lead to stress and conflict in the relationship. If this is an established channel, it is in the interests of everybody to correct the dispute or misunderstanding quickly.There are several methods of resolving conflict, and it is a task of management to seek ways in which to manage it to avoid it neat dysfunctional and to harness the energies in conflict situations to produce solutions. Depending on which underlying cause is identified, different strategies can be employed in isolation. Another important factor in the resolution of the conflict will be the weight of power of the channel member seeking to resolve the conflict. Problem solving Adopting superordinate word goals is a method that refers to goals that are desired by all members caught up in the conflict. Often such goals cannot be achieved by individual channel members, as concerted efforts of all parties are required.Such disputes become more pronounced when the channel is confronted by an external threat, and conflict only dissipates when alternative channel systems emerge. The threat to existing channel members of new channel arrangements for car retailing in the UK has brought about a reduction in conflict between traditional channel members. Car manufacturers and dealers were challenged by the fact that consumers were increasingly purchasing new cars through a variety of new channels including sourcing them from countries where prices might be lower, the growth of car hypermarkets where cars are sourced on the grey market and through the Internet.The result has been for existing traditional channel members to adopt superordinate goals and this has resulted in a reduction of conflict between them in an effort to survive. Permanent conflict resolution requires an integration of the needs of both sides to the dispute so they find a common goal w ithout sacrificing their basic economic and ethical principles. The problem is developing a common goal on which all parties agree. 210 Channels of distribution and logistics A solution exists to alleviate communications noise in distribution channels. A more efficient flow of information and communications in channels permits members to find solutions to their conflict based on common objectives. Channel communication efforts should be designed to decrease or avoid conflict, e. g. sing sales representatives to convey information from wholesalers or retailers implies that the manufacturer is trying to encourage the attainment of both individual and common goals the function of the sales representative in such cases is that of problem solver. Persuasion This implies that institutions involved produce on their leadership potential. If effective channel management is to be achieved, it is often the case that there will be a need to locate an institution or an agency within the system that is willing to assume this role. Channel leadership is the intentional use of power to affect the behaviour of other channel members and cause them to act in a manner that contributes to the maintenance or achievement of a desired level of performance.Often channel control results from channel leadership and like channel power, the level of control achieved by one firm over others in a channel may be issue specific, e. g. while the manufacturer may have control over pricing, retailers may have control over stock levels. Whether or not control can be exerted depends on the power base of each channel member. By its nature, persuasion involves communication between conflicting parties. Emphasis is on influencing behaviour to resolve conflict the primary intention is to avoid or reduce conflict concerned with domain or sphere of influence. Persuasion allows members to reach a consensus resulting in agreement without formal bargaining. Some years ago a well-known company launched it s own brand of poop. The new brand was eagerly tocked by many leading grocery supermarkets who were persuaded to make space for the new brand on their shelves. Inevitably this meant less shelf space for existing brands including some of the best known cola brands in the world. As if this loss of shelf space was not bad enough, the worlds leading cola brand claimed bitterly that at first glace the new Virgin cola looked remarkably like their own cola brand. They subsequently asked Virgin to with push the new brand in its present form and at the same time asked their supermarket customers not to stock it. Needless to say, there were protracted discussions, but after a little time all parties were persuaded to come to a compromise which avoided costly litigation and loss of face.The new cola was altered slightly in appearance, some of the lost shelf space was restored and the new brand gradually made inroads into the market. Bargaining/negotiations The difference between bargaining a nd persuasion is that in the bargaining process stress continues to exist in the system long after agreement is reached. In negotiation, no attempt is made to fully satisfy a channel member. Instead, the objective is to reach an allowance to stop conflict among members. Such a compromise may resolve the episode, but not necessarily the fundamental stress over which the conflict erupted. If stress continues, it is likely that some issue will cause conflict again at some later date. Compromise is a means by which bargains can be reached in the channel.Each party gives up something it desires to prevent or end conflict. Often compromise is necessary to reach domain consensus where persuasion and negotiation draw on abilities of parties involved to communicate. Channels of distribution and logistics 211 Politics Politics refers to resolution of conflict involving new organizations in the agreement-reaching process. Mediation involves a third party, usually to secure settlement of a dis pute by persuading the parties to continue negotiation or consider recommendations made by the mediator. Mediation involves understanding the conflicting views of parties in such a way that opportunities are perceived that otherwise may have been missed.The fact that solutions are being offered by a mediator, i. e. somebody external to the dispute, can often lead to a settlement if both parties deem the solutions acceptable. Effective mediation keeps the parties together and clarifies facts so the communication process does not break down. turn mediation offers solutions to disputes, channel members are not obliged to accept the solutions. In arbitrament, however, the solution suggested by the third party is binding upon the conflicting parties. Arbitration can be compulsory or voluntary, and when it is the former, parties are required by law to submit their dispute to the third party and be bound by the decision.Voluntary arbitration is a similar process whereby parties are bound by the decision, but the dispute is settled voluntarily. The question of relying on law enforcement to settle disputes in distribution is imprecise as it is doubtful whether solutions enforced by law can be applicable to future channel disputes in different circumstances. In rigorously domestic channel management, these mechanisms are not greatly used because of the inability to find a neutral third party whose decision will be accepted by everybody involved in the dispute. However, arbitration is a normal and accepted part of international channel management and is part of the contractual agreement between the parties in channel activities.For example, if an exporter feels that an overseas agent has not fulfilled the terms of an agreement between him or herself and the principal, but the two parties cannot agree as to the remedies for this, then normally the terms and conditions for instituting an arbitration process are written into the original contract and will be instituted to resolve the problem. Diplomacy Channel fineness is the normal method by which inter-organizational relations are conducted, adjusted and managed by ambassadors, envoys or other persons operating at the boundaries of member organizations. Normally channel members rely on diplomatic procedures, especially in nonintegrated systems. Channel diplomats should be the eyes and ears of the firms they work for, and should report anything that may be of interest. Such diplomats are frequent in distribution channels at executive level.In this way, the diplomats power base is such that it is obvious to the parties with whom the diplomat will interact. Effective channel management strategies provide for more rational decision making within the channel. THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF CHANNELS Marketing is characterized by constant change, and there is a need for the marketer to adapt to these changes, making marketing channels subject to change and innovation. Channels represent a 212 Channels of distri bution and logistics dynamic area of marketing as they are constantly evolving to meet changing customer and market needs which reflect underpinning wider changes and trends in demography and lifestyles. Marketers must be sensible of the changing nature of channels and respond to them.An example of recent developments that are indicative of the innovation and changing nature of this area is the growth of multi-channel systems of direct marketing and Internet marketing which are dealt with in Chapter 10. The growth of multi-channels Companies now use a variety of channel arrangements to reach their target customers. Once, companies tended to use only one type of channel configuration in their marketing now they use several. The use of multi-channel systems can be for a number of reasons n n n to increase market coverage by reaching new customers to reduce costs of selling to certain customers where for example such customers require less service than that provided through the compan ys normal channels to achieve a more customized service to particular customers than would be available through the companys normal channels.In multi-channel marketing, a company might sell to one group of customers using telephone selling and no intermediaries, while another target group may be marketed to through a network of dealers, since these customers require after-sales service and technical advice. Although there are advantages to be gained through using several different channel configurations to different target customers, multi-channels can give rise to increased costs if not controlled. They can also give rise to problems of conflict between different channel members where several channels are used, particularly where one type of channel member feels that their contractual rights are being infringed. An example is where the marketer uses a system of appointed distributors for the companys products.In return for being granted exclusive distribution rights in a particular g