Geography Gendered feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geography Gendered feminism - Essay Example Such inner yearnings cause even death of them. (Barbara de Angelis, 1994, pp197). Geologically land is termed feminine. Through time and space, femininity is not given its due recognition. Masochism is construed as a quality of femininity where as the same attitude in men are considered as cowardice or slavery. Millions of clerks of both sexes throughout the world are almost having masochistic attitude only. Painting masochism as the quality of women has added burden to them, leading to a sort of 'gender exploitation' of women. These developments do not have any territorial difference on the earth. However shades of differences in this type of gender exploitation prevails in various manifestations in various lands. In countries like India, there are still many regions where common women cannot occupy an equal status in public places. On boarding a public bus a lady cannot occupy her seat next to a man and nor a man is permitted to sit near a woman. This practice is very slowly fading. People of metro cities are a bit bold enough to break this customary. But small towns and villages are still viewing the scene utterly awkward. In many places the booking counters are provided with separate structural arrangements for eves. The pathetic plight of school going girls, especially those in the verge if puberty who suffer a lot for want of toilets in Ethiopia is a challenge for feministic researchers. The economic and social barriers there are very strong enough to yield to such feministic ideologies. FLUIDITY OF GENDER IDENTITY In fixing identities, unlike other entities like race, color, class and religion, gender occupies a fluid condition. This fluidity in the fixing of gender identity is manipulated in several societies. Thus, geographers find it a bit tricky to fix the gender identity. Wife battering prevails in all countries irrespective of their development and civilization. But the batterer always takes advantage only of the gender. It is the feministic approach that posed question whether such superiority over femininity is natural. To derive an answer to this question, one has to analyze the age-old custom of patriarchy in almost all societies of the world. Geographers all over the world find a healthy tone in such analysis, which tries to evaluate and judge the patriarchy from the viewpoint of both the genders. Eradication or trial to eradicate patriarchy is not a solution. Feminism thus paves way to identify and locate the importance and entitlement of femininity. Feminism in many countries takes its own speed depending upon the cultural and socialistic environments of the nations. Developed countries are fast in this approach. The high speed has led to emergence of gay movement and lesbianism as byproducts. The sex-based lesbianism and gay movements give a picture that male domination or male chauvinism can be countered to some extent. Whether this is true or not is yet to be cleared. Even elite group of societies is not clear in the ideologies of lesbianism and gay movement to such an extent that they can pressurize some political group and governments to legally permit such practices. Homosexuals find it nice to enter into 'civil partnership', which has now been legally permitted in England. Great Britain, which criminalized carnal intercourse during 1860 in one of its colonial regiment, as an act against the order of nature, now permits her gays to get

UV-vis works Essay Example for Free

UV-vis works Essay Even though I accidentally spilled most of my product while pouring it into the separatory funnel, the product left was identical to everyone elses by comparison of the UV-vis spectrum.  Discussion  One possible source of error in this experiment occurred when I spilled the product. Although a small amount of it remained in the beaker, I decided to pipet the  spilled product off the desk to save as much as I could in order to complete the experiment. At first I thought this might cause my product to be somewhat impure, but after looking at the UV-vis spectra, it was obvious this had no effect on the outcome. My spectrum looked perfectly fine. Conclusion UV-vis can be very helpful in finding out how pure your product is and what the components are by looking where the absorption bands are and the extent to which the components were absorbed. UV-vis works by electrons moving from the ground state to a higher excited state. The types of transitions possible are. The sigma to sigma star transitions take place at 200-700 nm and are usually not seen in UV-vis spectrum. N to sigma star transitions require less energy than sigma to sigma star transitions and occur at 150-250 nm. The last type of transitions occur between 200 and 700 nm and are the type which occur in the Cu(TTP) spectrum. Peaks that are shifted to shorter wavelengths caused by transitions are named blue shifts. The peaks that are shown in our Cu(TTP) spectrum are caused by transitions and are classified as red shifts. This is caused by attractive polarisation forces between the solvent and the absorber, which lower the energy levels of both the excited and unexcited states. This effect is greater for the excited state, and so the energy difference between the excited and unexcited states is slightly reduced resulting in a small red shift. This effect also influences   transitions but is overshadowed by the blue shift resulting from solvation of lone pairs (UV-vis Absorption http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/uvvisab1.htm) Questions and Answers 1. Why does Cu(TTP) elute before H2TTP? The copper would elute first. The reason for this is because of the acidity of the hydrogen atoms. Since the hydrogens are acidic, they want to hold onto the silica gel, which will cause them to elute after a longer time period.  2. The rates at which compounds elute from a silica gel column depend on any pretreatment of the silica gel. In which case would a compound elute faster: down a column made of silica gel that had been previously heated at 150 degrees Celsius under vacuum for 8 hours, or down a column made of silica gel that had been sitting open in the laboratory for a few days? Explain. When you heat silica gel, water evaporates off the gel leaving open sites where polar molecules can bond. When you let silica gel out in the open, it will collect water molecules on it. Compounds would elute faster down a column that has been heated at 150 degrees for 8 hours because the gel would be dry.  3. A mixture of cis and trans isomers of the neutral complex Cr(CO)4[P(C6H5]2 is loaded onto a silica gel and eluted with CHCl3. Which isomer would elute first, and why? The trans isomer would elute first. References Skoog Douglas; Holler F. James; Nieman Timothy A., Principles of Instrumental Analysis, fifth edition, Thompson Learning: 1998.  Quinn 6  UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy-Theory. http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/uvvisab1.htm.

Excessive Pride in Young Goodman Brown :: Nathaniel Hawthorne, YGB

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory.   Hawthorne’s moral story is told through the perversion of a religious leader, Goodman Brown. Goodman is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil. The result is that Goodman lives the rest of his life in exile within his own community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Young Goodman Brown" begins when Faith, Brown's wife, asks him not to go on an "errand".   Goodman Brown says to his "love and (my) Faith" that "this one night I must tarry away from thee."   When he says his "love" and his "Faith", he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his "faith" to God.   He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife.   He resolves that he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven."   This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because "Faith kept me back awhile."  Ã‚   This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Devil had with him a staff that "bore the likeness of a great black snake".   The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve.   The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge.   The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge.   Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise.   The Devil's staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devil's ceremony which destroys Goodman Brown's faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia.

Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report

This Value Management and Value Engineering (VM/VE) Study Report summarizes the benefits of various proposals for a strategic level Value Management process followed by Value Engineering Study in order to obtain a better Value for Money (VFM) for any projects. This report is prepared specially for our Client M/s. SBEinnovations Ltd for the construction of the Mixed-Use Recreation and Commercial Centre Project. Value Management and Value Engineering is a technique on any projects that can be delivered in the most economical way. Normally, Value Management processes are carried out before Value Engineering Study to determine how it can add value to the Client business by a delivery of a project which is carried out during the initial Client brief of a project. It is an integral part of any projects. Whereas Value Engineering is a technical study on a selected design for its technical viability and cost studies which is carried out during detailed design stage. United Project Management (UPM) believes that VM and VE have the greatest influence and impact at the strategy and design stage respectively. It requires reliable and appropriate cost data, design information, ideas, past experience and uses brain-storming workshops by our team of experts under the direction of the Project Manager. Value Management is a continuous process from inception to completion. The purpose of conducting the Value Management workshop is to set up an effective partnership agreement which should seek to achieve the scope and benefits of the project with respect of time, cost and quality. The benefits of Value Management contribute towards this project especially since the project is still in its early stages. Some of the concepts through which SBEinnovations Ltd can obtain value for money (VFM) are mentioned below; 1. Reduced Learning Curve 2. Improved communications and decision procedures 3. Improved quality and programming This report also includes a recommendation on Value Engineering Study conducted before the completed design stage and construction activities. Issues targeted during VE study include: 1. Design Optimization 2. Selection of Procurement Route 3. Cost, Quality and Time 4. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study 5. Stakeholders Coordination 1. Introduction This report explains how Value Management and Value Engineering studies can contribute value to the Client before commencement of a project. The report summarises the key principles of Value Management and Value Engineering in the context of construction project of mixed-use recreation and commercial centre for SBEInnovations Ltd. This report is prepared for SBEinnovations Ltd on their request for proposals for a strategic level Value Management and Value Engineering studies. The aim of Value Management Study is to assess the project requirement in terms of functionally and efficiency of achieving the requirements. Prime consideration needs to be given to the importance of Time, Cost, Quality, Safety and Client's satisfaction. The specific issues to be evaluated at the VM Study are divided into two categories. 1. Strategic Issues (which will be considered in Value Management) 2. Tactical Issues (which will be considered in Value Engineering) 3.1 Strategic Issues 1. The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Project Drivers 2. Project Type 3. Size and Location 4. Procurement 5. Initial Cost Estimate 6. Esteem 7. Politics 8. Organisational Management 9. Change Management 3.2 Tactical Issues The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Design 2. Structure of the Project Organisation 3. Detail of accessibility and planning procedure 4. Time and Quality: 5. Outline Specification 6. Coordination 2. Value Management Study This is the first process where carefully selected team members from various parties get together to discuss various aims, objectives, constraints and risk associated with the Project in order to formulate Client objective of the need of such project. Value management usually incorporates a series of workshops, interviews and reviews involving diversified teams members through whom the project requirements are evaluated against the means and methods of achieving them. VM process will be dependent on the procurement route selected for the project. VM and VE Studies are very important for successful delivery of any project. Failure to carry out these studies will cause problems at subsequent design and construction stages causing cost overruns, project delays, claims etc. Value Management can help to avoid or minimize these problems. At the outset of a project, Value Management provides an exceptionally powerful way of exploring the client’s needs in-depth by addressing inconsistencies and expressing these in a language that all parties, whether technically informed or new to the construction industry, can understand. The Value Management process works top-down, starting with needs and strategic goals and focusing on root causes, not symptoms. An early consensus is developed between the key stakeholders about the need for the project or service, the scope, deliverables, key functions and risks, in the context of the wider business objectives. Opportunities for innovation are explored and the most cost effective means of implementation developed, consistent with desired time and quality requirements. VM considers the whole project rather than components and the process are underpinned by consensus. A typical Value Management Study has the following characteristics: 1. A systematic, staged approach 2. Clear definition of objectives and scope at the outset – focus on the customer requirements 3. Consideration of the organizational environment – internal and external influences 4. Multi-disciplinary team effort – positive human dynamics 5. Function Analysis System Technique 6. A workshop format with a structured job plan that separates creativity from evaluation and development. 7. Effective use of methods and tools – independent facilitation 2.1 Early Application of Value Management and its benefits The design is still at the very early stage. The Client has not yet committed with any design teams for project design. The client aims to innovate with creativity and to enhance the health, wellbeing and quality of life of its citizens. It is very important to get a feedback of its citizens of the Client intentions for such a project, because the clients’ and the citizens’ aim and objectives are totally different and conflicting ones. Therefore it is recommended that Value Management study at such early stage is carried out involving the all parties who have interest on the projects so that later in the projects the problems and risk will be minimized to a greater extent. As such the following benefits can be expected by applying Value Management to this specific project. 1. It defines what both the client and the citizens of the local area mean by value, and provide the basis for making decisions, throughout the project, on the basis of value. It provides a means for optimising the balance between private developer and public sector local authority having different aims and objectives out of the project. 1. It provides the basis for clear briefs that reflect the client’s priorities and expectations, expressed in a language that all can understand. This improves communication between both stakeholders so that each of them can understand and respect other’s constraints and requirements. 1. It ensures that the project is the most cost-effective way of delivering the business benefits and provides a basis for refining the business case. It addresses both the monetary and the non-monetary benefits. 1. It supports good design through improved communications, mutual learning and enhanced team-working, leading to better technical solutions with enhanced performance and quality, where it matters. 1. It provides a way of measuring value, taking into account nonmonetary benefits and demonstrating that value for money has been achieved. Project Objectives: In a construction project objectives shall be clearly defined. In clearly defining the project objectives value management plays a vital role and it is the starting point of value management in a project. Client Function, Activities and Stakeholders: Value management plays crucial role in ascertaining the client functions, requirements, stakeholder needs, briefing, gathering information pertaining to the project. Project Size and Location: In deciding the project size and location both value management and value engineering will be applied as value management will focus on the location, political situation, environment and others will focus, whereas value engineering will focus on the type of foundation to be used is suitable for the soil conditions, floor area index on the area and other design issues. Budget: It is a crucial in a construction project and the main purpose of the value management is to gain the maximum value for the money and for that budget is important and also careful budgeting is crucial for the success of the project, here value management will be applied. Procurement Option: In deciding the contract for the project the best procurement option is to be chosen, it depends on the scope of the project, requirements, budget and other external factors. To choose the best procurement option value management and value engineering both plays a vita role. Design and built option value management plays a vital role, value engineer plays a vital role in other types of procurement options as designs are being verified in this option. Design Change and Variation: happens during the course of the project, value engineering plays a lead role. In the design changes and variations as the changes will have an impact on the original design to be checked? The proposed changes can be accommodated or not also to be checked, also the cost impact, constructability and other design related parameters to be verified. Organization Structure: Many discrepancies arise due to unorganized organization structure, due to that construction and project gets delayed. Value management is employed, during the initial stages itself giving the requirements for organization and key personnel and appropriate accounting provision will be given in the costing. All the above will be applied in value management. Quality Control, Health, Safety and Environmental Issues: are crucial in project success, here both value management and engineering will be applied as quality cannot be compromised and design team will clearly indicate the minimum quality requirements and also HSE issues cannot be compromised it is a combination of both the above. The following graph illustrates the potential cost savings possible against time when VM is applied in a project. It is clear the when VM is applied at the early stage of a project, the saving will be far less to adopt the changes proposed by the Value Management since the design is yet not commenced and hence it is easy to incorporate any kind of design change proposal due to VM process. Fig 1: Cost Impact of Making Changes Over Time 2.2 Development of Value Management within project scenario: UPM suggests the budget should be equally divided among the different elements of the project. Some suggestions provided by UPM are: 1. Sports Centre Proper design management should be applied for the construction of Seating/Scoring or/and Spectator Seating arrangements. 2. Culture recreational centre Public community should be comfortable with different recreational centres. Their satisfaction is the primary goal to be achieved. 3. Hotels Lighting is a large cost item. The impact it has on energy and guest experience influence to a great extent the operation and spacing cost. 4. Shopping malls Primary objective here is to obtain maximum customer satisfaction keeping returns in mind. Quality should be maintained throughout the lifecycle of the project. 5. Parking space The financial cost for parking space depends on three factors: Total number of parking space required, ‘opportunity cost’ of parking land and cost per parking land available. Careful planning and brainstorming helps to obtain maximum value for land. 6. Food court Proper economical and environmental friendly techniques could be arranged for waste disposal. 7. Cinema Multiplex Natural Ventilation could be installed thereby reducing the cost and power consumption. Value Management Team Selection and Value Management Workshop VM is undertaken as a series stakeholder workshops held at key stages during the development of the project. Value Management Team forms an important aspect in decision making process. It is a flexible, team-based activity, planned and directed by an independent VM facilitator and driven by consensus. Team selection for the Value Management workshop is very critical to success to ensure that the full range of influences are properly addressed by people with the right balance of knowledge, skills, experience and judgment. Where particular stakeholders are not able to take part, or it is not politic to involve them, specific team members should be tasked as champions of those stakeholder interests. As such, the team should include the following participants: 1. Project Sponsor The Project Sponsor is responsible for endorsement of the study objectives. They are responsible for monitoring outcomes, action plans, client’s vision, timeframe, values and constraints. 2. Value Management Coordinator Usually, a client representative may designate this post. Before the workshop is developed, a number of activities need to be decided upon: 1. Developing brief for Facilitator 2. Identifying the Scope of Work 3. Engaging the Facilitator 4. Organizing the schedule for the workshop 5. Date and Venue confirmation 6. Arrangement of objectives of study 7. Selection and invitation of participants 8. Preparation of agenda These roles and the corresponding tasks may vary depending on nature of Value Management topic, the organizations involved and the scale to which Value Management activities undertaken by the parties. 3. Value Management Facilitator He initiates their evaluation at the beginning of the pre-workshop process, helping the client towards clearly defining the aim, assumptions and viewpoints of each stakeholder. The facilitator should specialise in assisting the process by providing support and advice to the sponsor. During Pre-workshop stage, the facilitator focus should be more towards process than content. The facilitator manages time, determines appropriate progress, manages the group, promotes collaboration within the group, and seeks agreement or a method of understanding between teammates at key stages. However, the facilitator should maintain client confidentiality and ensure every member contributes equally to the achievement of value. 4. Project Manager The Project Manager should be included within the workshop because he/she acts as a reference and as a team catalyst for continued action. 5. Stakeholders They should be included in the team as they give a clear cut idea about the objectives, needs and constraints. 6. Technical Experts SBEinnovations Ltd. members who have specialist skills in a particular area are to attend the workshop. Their responsibilities include providing advice and suggestions in the specialist area for which they are invited. 7. Relevant compliance agency Value Management briefing papers should be forwarded to relevant compliance agencies so that they can be affirmed that the steps followed are as per ‘Practice Guidance’. Though, it is not compulsory that their presence should be essential at the workshop. Value Management Workshop and Agenda Following are the three components of a VM Workshop: 1. Job Plan 2. Functions and Functionality 3. Multi-Disciplinary Team The VM Job plan of the workshop will have the following 5 phases 1. Information Phase 2. Creativity Phase 3. Evaluation Phase 4. Development Phase 5. Presentation and Reporting Phase All of the above phases will be covered in 3 weeks workshop as described below. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN VM STUDY There are number of tools and techniques which can be used in VM study. However, the following are recommended by UPM. 1. Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) Diagram: It is a graphical representation of logical relationship of functions that need to be performed and how they are linked together into HOW-WHY logical connections to deliver the project. HOW and WHY questions are asked to develop the logic of a function. While defining any function, we ask HOW that particular function can contribute towards developing a more standardized and specific approach. This method of questioning and thinking is referred and summarized from left to right. To solve the problem to a higher level, we ask WHY that particular function is performed. This process of logic is read from right to left. 1. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is a financial tool used to identify risks that can potentially affect the project. The analysis looks at the costs involved, time constraints and other variables that may negatively affect the outcome. As a tool, risk analysis helps managers make decisions and find alternatives. 1. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym that stands for â€Å"strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats,† which is precisely what the SWOT analysis aims to identify. The SWOT helps management see the company's strengths and weaknesses on paper as well as the potential opportunities and threats looming in the industry. Management can then find ways to maximize the company's strengths in order to capitalize on opportunities while minimizing potential threats and weaknesses. 6. VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY Value Engineering is a subset of Value Management. Once the Client is decided on the project, then before the detailed design will commence, the Value Engineering study will be carried out. 6.1 Recommended timing for VALUE ENGINEERING study: In order to expect the greatest return from this project, SBEinnovations Ltd. is suggested to include value engineering exercise during the early design stage and before 60% of the design commitment is reached. Value Engineering workshop should be carried out during the schematic design stage and the detailed design stage. If the Value Engineering occurs later it probably will be seen as a cost cutting exercise but it will be undertaken under a hostile climate that will prevent SBEinnovations from achieving the desired requirements and objectives of  £9M. 6.2 Recommended VE Team The number of participants should be a minimum of five and a maximum of ten. Although more members could participate, we recommend that a larger group may cause difficulties in one-to-one communication. Participants should involve: 1. Project Managers from SBEinnovations Ltd.: These Project Managers help to define the procurement routes and contract administration in the most effective way by putting to use their skills earned by experience. 2. Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Structural Engineers: While conducting brainstorm sections, Comments and views from Engineers, Architects and Quantity Surveyors are valid for active participation. 3. Value Engineering Facilitator: The facilitator should be someone apart from the project manager, the chief design engineer, or the client. The VE facilitator will guide the discussion to confirm and approve, but not to criticize the project approaches and details. 6.3 Value Engineering Workshops VE workshops are concerned with the detailed technical appraisal of alternative solutions proposed by the project team to meet the client’s requirements. Duration for VE workshop will be normally longer than that of VM Workshop. One of the following approaches could be used by SBEinnovations Ltd towards achieving a successful Workshop session: 1. Mini Workshops: A value engineer should join the design team at the briefing stage and be promoted as the facilitator throughout the project. Two mini-workshops should be organized following the job plan format and then reviewed at about 20% and 40% design completion. 2. The two-day workshop: All members of the team focus on issues in an intense and focused way. 6.4 Elements of the Scheme for VE study: Design Optimization As long as the bid documents and the process to detail design are open enough to allow for adjustment of the design, then a buildable design will rise. Design ideas for mixed use commercial and recreational centre should be developed during Value Engineering workshops keeping in mind the constructability and purpose for which it serves. This should include health, safety and security of the local community. Procurement Route The suitable Procurement route should be studied identified and applied by SBEinnovations Ltd. taking into consideration the pros and cons of that particular procurement route and its benefits to the client and the employer. Quality, Time and Cost Maximum return can only be achieved through proper quality, time and cost management. Value Engineering study team should be keen to attain maximum Value for Money (VFM) by proper planning and scheduling of works to ensure cost lies within  £ 9M within the stipulated time frame. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study OBS review would be done during the VE workshop which helps to identify roles and responsibilities. Stakeholders Coordination Coordination should be justified during VE studies so as to dissolve any interference between Stakeholders. Part 2 – Risk Management Essay Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects Introduction All large projects face risks. Project risk is an activity, event or action which tends to cause a negative impact on the planned goals of project scope, quality, performance, execution time or cost. Inevitably, risks and uncertainties are substantially inherent in infrastructure projects. Problematically, many infrastructure projects could not have achieved project goals satisfactorily. Therefore, it is very important for the identification and treatment of these project risks. Project risks always contribute to the poor performance leading to cost and time over run. Their major reason is the occurrence of external and internal project risks and uncertainties throughout project stages from planning, bidding, contracting to construction. This essay intends to provide a useful insight into the inherent risk into infrastructure projects, and will discuss about the management of these risks. The essay will also enable the reader to understand and application of the key concepts and techniques used in management of risk in infrastructure projects. For the purpose of this essay, Railway Projects in the MENA region is considered. History has shown that railways have always been central to any country’s growth ambitions. Thus it comes as no surprise that the GCC countries have embraced railway networks as their best hope for expanding and consolidating future economic growth. By providing a low cost alternative to shipping and air, the GCC member states allow for increased trade and thus further economic prosperity. As a result of this increased focus, it’s no surprise to find that railway networks account for nine of the ten biggest infrastructure projects in the Middle East. With ambitious plans to produce a GCC wide network within the next decade, the countries are working to develop their own interior networks in preparation. The following Table shows a list of top 10 infrastructure projects (ongoing and planned) in the MENA area.

Difficult for the reader to feel much affection for the protagonist Essay

It is difficult for the reader to feel much affection for the protagonist in Wolff’s memoir. Do you agree? This Boy’s Life, set in America in the 1950’s, is a compelling memoir by Tobias Wolff, whom recreates the frustrations and cruelties faced throughout his adolescence, as he fights for identity and self-respect. During this period of time, America underwent major changes in the political and economic spheres, which in turn were responsible for its social makeover. Society in this time was geared toward family; marriage and children being part of the national agenda. The 1950’s was also an age of male dominance, where even if women worked, their assumed proper place was at home. Throughout the memoir, the protagonist, young Jack Wolff, makes it difficult for the reader to feel much affection towards him, as his actions prove to be troublesome and unruly. However, as the memoir progresses, Jacks struggle reveal the reasons for his actions which sequentia lly shape his character, providing the readers with understanding and sympathy towards his inexorable situation. The fraudulent lies and deceitful ways of Jack can be frustrating upon the reader; though we come to realise that he does this in order to be accepted by the people around him. Jack also engages in fights and unfaithfully betrays his best friend Arthur, although it becomes evident that he only does this in order to gain Dwight’s approval of him. The lack of a real father figure in Jack’s life has a profound impact on him and his desperate attempt to develop his identity, which further supports the readers’ emotions of sympathy towards him. Jack lies relentlessly in order to escape the grim circumstances of his childhood. His life is fuelled with emotional neglect and verbal abuse; Dwight, his indignant step father, being the foremost cause. He desires of transforming himself into the person that he truly wants to be; an image he believes will help him to belong and to be happy. The lies he tells are a constant source of comfort for him, as he relies on them to pr ovide stability and hope in his otherwise unstable life. â€Å"I couldn’t help but try to introduce new versions of myself as my interests changed, and as other versions failed to persuade†, demonstrates an essential part of Jack’s character, as he lies in order to fit in. His identity would change with the different people he met, in order to meet their expectations of him and to obtain their acceptance. This greatly contributes to the sympathy felt for Jack, as he renders the reality that he finds so difficult to accept as a young boy. Among many other lies  throughout the memoir, Jack has the intention of creating a new identity for himself. â€Å"It was truth known only to me, but I believed in it more than I believed in the facts arrayed against it. I believed that in some sense not factually verifiable I was a straight-A student†. At this point, Jack takes his re-creation of identity to a new level. Jack is completely aware of what he is doing, although he does not stop. His incessant lies and then believing that they are the actual truth continuously reoccur throughout the memoir. This serves to show his insecurity of who he was, and his imprudent belief that he had the ability to become something better than what he was. Jacks fabricated attempts to re-create â€Å"new versions† of himself, reveal his instinctive lying nature, thus contributing to the annoyance the readers occasionally feel towards him. However, it becomes clear that Jack is confused; he wants to belong. This misperception, and yearn to fit in explicates why feelings of sympathy by the readers towards Jack are inevitable. Jack is forced to live with his violent stepfather Dwight. Dwight cruelly exercises authority over Jack, in order to create a sense of dominance over him â€Å"Dwight would dump a pile of nuts on the floor of the utility room and put me to work with a knife and pair of pliers until he judged that I’d done enough for the night†. Because of this, Jack is determined to prove to Dwight, himself and the reader that he is not the person Dwight defines him as. Jack is not hurt by Dwight’s accusations that he is a thief and liar because â€Å"I did not see myself that way†. However, when Dwight calls Jack a sissy, Jack thinks of Arthur, who is his best friend and the biggest â€Å"sissy† in school, and remembers how the word sparked the fight between him and Arthur. Dwight treated Jack differently for a few days; with certain deference – â€Å"Dwight took the calls and explained that the papers had been ruined in a fight, adding that his boy Jack hung a real shiner on the Gayle kid.† This was the only time he expressed a genuine interest in Jack that bordered on admiration, rather than disgust. Dwight was always associated with hatred and negativity, but because of this certain deference after he fought, Jack felt a certain connection to him as a father figure. He felt as though he finally impressed Dwight, and even felt loved because of Dwight’s respect towards him. This discloses that Dwight’s actions had significant influence over Jack, as he continued to engage in these violent fights, in order to demonstrate his m asculinity to  Dwight. Jacks violent nature is driven by his belief that he has to prove his masculinity to Dwight. This attests annoyance within the reader; as Jack claims he â€Å"defined myself in opposition to him†, he ironically shares the traits of Dwight, such as violence and his desire to be regarded as powerful and masculine. However, Dwight’s deference towards Jack after he fought contrastingly draws sympathy for Jack from the readers, as it reveals his desire to belong; his desire to be loved. Jack’s friendship with Arthur plays a significant role in the re-creation of his identity. Arthur was recognised as a â€Å"notorious sissy†, and because of this Jack worried of the social implications it would consequently have on him by being friends with Arthur. â€Å"To put myself in the clear I habitually mocked Arthur, always behind his back, imitating his speech and way of walking, even betraying his secrets†, demonstrates Jacks desperation to acquire acceptance fr om others, even if it meant denying a part of himself- a friendship- that actually made him happy at times â€Å"but I had withheld my friendship, because I was afraid of what it would cost me†. Jacks betrayal of Arthur imparts anger in the reader, as he attempts to impress people who are not his real friends. However his confused identity and lack of self-confidence justify his disloyal actions, particularly because of the circumstances he was faced with at such a young age. Parental neglect plays an important role throughout the memoir. This is first evident in the text when Jack says â€Å"after all, he was in Connecticut and we were in Utah†, signifying the substantial physical and emotional distance between his birth father and himself. Fathers play an important role in their child’s upbringing and development. Due to this lacking in Jacks life, the responsibilities of growing up prove to be difficult for him, evident through his confused identity and troublesome ways. Furthermore, Rosemary’s ex-husband Roy plays a significant role in shaping the way Jack thinks and reasons, particularly from such a young and susceptible age. â€Å"I thought Roy wa s what a man should be†, reveals Jack’s naivety at such a young age; as Roy, abusive and indignant, was in fact the complete opposite of â€Å"what a man should be†. Wolff is once again faced with a man, Dwight, who abuses him and sets a terrible example for him. His violent nature plays a major part in Jack’s development, which ultimately forms his identity. Dwight’s actions have such an influence that â€Å"Jack† writes about Dwight’s voice being ever-present in  his head and own voice, even as an adult; even as a father. â€Å"I hear his voice in my own when I speak to my children in anger†. The sympathy felt by the readers for Jack is inevitable, as his brutal childhood is left with him for the rest of his life. Although Jack makes it difficult for the reader to feel much affection towards him on some occasions, the abusive, neglectful and violent experiences he is confronted with at such a young and vulnerable age conveys a sense of understanding, which in turn rouse feelings of sympathy towards young Wolff. Jack lies constantly; whenever he is presented with the opportunity to. This frustrates the reader is some instances. Generally though, reasons for this are understandable, such as his confused identity due to the violent and emotionally unstable life he lives. The violent fights he associates himself with, and the betrayal of his â€Å"best-friend† Arthur, leave the readers in a position to question whether his motives can be justifiable. However, these fights and betrayal are a reflection of his desire to be accepted by others, and the masculine, powerful man Dwight’s expects him to be. The lack of a real father figure largely affects Jack and all aspects of his character, from his deceitful ways, to his violent involvement in fights. Because of this, compassion and sympathy prevails over the occasional frustration felt towards Jack by the readers. In supposition, Jack is a helpless child seeking a happy life; an identity he is truly happy with.

Crm Comuncation Essays - Storm, Tornado, Wind, Supercell

Crm Comuncation Essays - Storm, Tornado, Wind, Supercell Crm Comuncation In dealing with weather there are many types which can seriously cause damage to people and communities. Especially in the aviation we as pilot have to take into account many consideration in preparing for a flight. For instance, thunderstorms, icing levels, winds aloft, and visibility all play major factors in preparing for a flight. But there are some weather phenomena that can be extremely dangerous to fly into. Hurricanes, wind shear, and tornadoes are just some of the major threatening systems that can cause serious damage to people and places. One of the most interesting systems is the tornado. So what is a tornado? A tornado is a violently rotating column of air, which is found below cumulonimbus clouds and is nature's most violent wind. A tornado is officially defined as an intense, rotating column of air extending from the base of a thunderstorm cloud to the ground. Wind speeds in tornadoes can vary from 72 to almost 300 mph. Fortunately, only 2 percent of all tornadoes have winds greater than 200 mph. When a tornado is seen and has not yet made contact to the surface this is what is called a funnel cloud. When a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado (Jack Williams, USA TODAY Information Network). Most tornado's range from 300 to 2,000 feet in diameters, but have been reported to extremes of one mile. Tornado's usually travel in a southwest to northeast direction at about 30 knots in the U.S. According to Peter F. Lester tornado's lifetime average only for a few minutes, but have been documented to last over three hours. In the United States there is one particular place that seems to be more prominent to have tornado's form. The American Meteorology Society's Glossary of Weather and Climate defines Tornado Alley as: The area of the United States in which tornadoes are most frequent. It encompasses the great lowland areas of the Mississippi, the Ohio, and lower Missouri River Valleys. According to USA today Depending on the time of year, the southern and northern borders of tornado alley extend from about central Texas to Nebraska and Iowa. This region is where tornadoes spin up most frequently and where most monster, mile-wide twisters roam. The question is why is this area so prime for tornado's to form? Thunderstorms thrive on lots of warm, humid air. And the rotating thunderstorms, called supercells, which spawn the biggest tornadoes, need low-level winds that shift direction and grow stronger just above the ground (USA weather). The Gulf of Mexico provides an abundance of tropical moisture blowi ng into the Plains on south and southeast winds. Meanwhile the higher and drier elevations of the Rockies allow a hot, dry layer of air to blow over the region from the southwest. (USA TODAY Chris Cappella USA weathers source). It's the unique combination of atmospheric parameters a large moisture supply, low-level wind shear, a drying and cooling middle atmosphere, and features such as the dryline and a convective cap that turn the Great Plains into a tornado alley. The conditions responsible for the cause of tornado's are basically wind from the west and moister that comes from the Gulf of Mexico. The clash of warm and cold air helps supply the humidity and energy needed. Winds from different directions high above the ground help supply more energy and also give the air the turning motion needed for tornadoes. The center of the tornado's vortex is a low-pressure area. As air rushes into the vortex, its pressure lowers, which cools the air. Cooling condenses water vapor in the air into the tornado's familiar funnel-shaped cloud. Although the air is rising in a tornado, the funnel itself grows from the cloud toward the ground as the tornado is forming. Tornadoes form in the air rising into a thunderstorm, in the updraft. The strongest tornadoes are often near the edge of the updraft, not far from where air is descending from the thunderstorms. (Jack Williams, USA TODAY Information Network). Some times tornado's can be mistaken for microburst. The difference between microburst and tornado's is that Air moves very rapidly upward around a tornado center. This distinguishes tornadoes from microburst, which often do tornado-like damage

Occupation as Ends and Means

Occupation as Ends and Means Though explored quite deeply in the present-day healthcare and nursing environment, the significance of occupational therapy (OT) still needs major enhancement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Occupation as Ends and Means specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that the field in question was established quite long ago, it still lacks consistent strategies, as the analysis of the article by Gray (1998) shows. While the article under analysis represents the necessary information in a cohesive and understandable manner, the fact that the article is quite old, as well as that the author puts a relatively small emphasis on the significance of family members’ involvement, reduces the value of the study slightly. Despite being written comparatively long ago, the article still offers a unique experience by engaging the reader into the analysis of a case study of Alejandro, an OT patient. Herein one of the st rengths of the article lies – instead of providing dry theoretical facts, it offers the readers to analyze a unique case, which demonstrates the importance of OT as a tool for addressing mental disorders and deficiencies. More importantly, the study provides essential implications for the OT specialist’s practice, such as the importance of occupation as a tool for enhancing the patient’s wellbeing: â€Å"Occupation, applied in this manner, is a unique contribution to a clients recovery† (Gray, 1998, p. 359). Another obvious advantage of the article concerns a detailed methodology and a rather cohesive approach towards establishing the significance of OT.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the author proves in a very graphic manner that OT, in fact, helps make the patient invested into regular activities and social interactions, theref ore, enhancing the recovery process: â€Å"Alejandro and noted that he had significant restrictions in terms of his mobility and had not overcome the decline in functional status resulting from the second accident† (Gray, 1998, p. 360). It would be wrong to claim that the article has no evident problems, though. Fist and most obvious, the study needs a clearer emphasis on the role of the family members in the recovery process. As the study shows, the patient was reluctant to communicate with his family. Moreover, the interaction with family members seemed to deteriorate the process of recovery. However, the author never mentions whether the family members were given specific instructions for communicating with the patient. Therefore, a study of the communication between the patient and the family members under the supervision and guidance of the therapist could have been studied more thoroughly. Apart from the above-mentioned issue, the article is also rather dated. Indeed, b eing published in 1998, it contains a range of data that could use a major update. Among the key issues, which an OT specialist may find engaging and important to take a notice of, the enhancement of the patient’s cognition process and recovery rates with the help of communication with family members should be listed, as the patient â€Å"could not always rely on family members for transportation or other assistance† (Gray, 1998, p. 359) and, therefore, needed family support badly. The case in point is a graphic example of the significance of family members; engagement in the recovery process, which an OT nurse must take account of.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Occupation as Ends and Means specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the article can be deemed as fairly useful in terms of its results and their application to the OT practice. Particularly, the significance of the OT as an approach to p atient treatment deserves to be mentioned. The author explores the subject in depth and addresses some of the crucial ideas of OT, which means that the article is clearly worth reading and that the author’s viewpoint deserves to be incorporated into the set of an OT specialist’s strategies. Reference List Gray, J. M. (1998). Putting occupation into practice: Occupation as ends, occupation as means. The American Journal of Occupation Therapy, 52(5), 354–364.

Sample Essay

Sample Essay Sample Essay is a website providing students with free essay writing tips. It is time to start working on admission essays. It becomes much easier to write your own essays if you have a sample admission essayas an example. College admission essays writing are very important, creating the only chance you have to tell the committees who you are. Good sample essay gives you an idea about attractive admission essay writing. That person you describe in the essay will come off as phony, superficial, exaggerated, and boring. Writing admission essay do everything in your power - describe yourself, your goals, your achievements. Your English college essay writing gives the admission committee an idea about who you are and why you should be chosen. Do not neglect the importance of sample essay provided below. Sample Admission Essays Admission essays sample about personal achievements and community service: ...In the Urban Health Care Program I did an elective at Women in Crisis, a program in Harlem for women with HIV/AIDS. I did workshops in churches, beauty parlors, and nail salons. I stood on corners distributing condoms and literature. I talked to women for hours, not just about HIV/AIDS but also about other issues affecting their health and/or well-being: self-esteem, safe sex, drug/alcohol abuse, the importance of an education. The following summer, I also participated in the AMSA/NHSC Health Promotion/Disease Prevention Project at the Institute for Urban Family Health in New York City. I developed lower literacy material on a variety of health topics. During my clerkships, I believe that I was able to bring all my skillsand caring to fusion. Patients at all age levels and genders seemed to take to me. My most rewarding clerkship (among many successful ones) was an elective I did at the Phillips Family Practice at Jefferson Medical College. I felt like a doctor, perhaps the way they were portrayed in old movies: like a family confidante, like a friend. I worked in an office and even made (my pleasure) home visits. I spoke to middle-aged patients about Diabetes and Hypertension and to adolescents about sex, social, or cultural issues - the death of a rap star, for example, why an eight-year-old shouldn't be drinking Kool-Aid. At Phillips, I felt that my life's sum was sending a resounding message: Family Practice would be my choice. But with a heart!... Check this out: Did you like the above sample? We can write a unique admission paper for you as well! All admission essays we deliver are original and customized. Thus, you get guaranteed results with our writing help. Interesting topics: Informative and Surprising Essay Conclusion Writing English Essay Writing Parts of a Thesis Term Paper on Cholesterol and Lipids

Argumentative Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argumentative - Assignment Example In this paper therefore I will be summarising the arguments of both sides on the sticky abortion discourse. America’s constitution has legalised abortion; it may not be in our Bill of Rights or even the constitution itself but privacy is a right well enumerated. In the case of Roe vs. Wade of 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in favour of abortion in the 1st trimester. Following the ruling, more than thirty five million individuals in America have procured legal abortions. Today well over twenty four percent of America’s pregnancies are terminated and out of these, forty-percent are abortions by teenagers. But just because the act of abortion is now legal in America doest necessarily mean it the right thing to do. It will be remembered that over one hundred fifty years ago, slavery was legal but the truth remains that it was inhumane and has been right (Rosenthal, 2007). According to the thinking of the pro-choice group, the mother’s right of choosing must come before any other thing including even human life. There argument is strongly based on the fact that every woman has a right to chose what to do with their bodies and refer to the Roe vs. Wade, 1973 case. They also invoke issues to with the physical safety of mothers; where a mother’s life is put to danger by the pregnancy the abortion should be preferred. The prochoice group also believes abortion is justifiable where the pregnancy was conceived out of rape or incest. Their narrative is that a child conceived out rape may keep reminding the mother of the horrible incident while that conceived of incest may suffer mental retardation or be handicapped. Above all the pro-choice argument on abortion is hinged on the mother’s basic human rights. By arguing that the women’s right of choice should be respected they invoke also issues of privacy as was the court ruling in Roe vs. Wade case. Privacy is

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Marketing - Assignment Example Business goods can be distributed in the following manner: producer to consumer; producer to agent to consumer; producer to distributor to consumer; producer to agent to distributor to consumer. Finally, services, because of its nature can only be distributed either directly to consumers or through an agent. Decisions as to which path to take must take into account, among others, the resources available, the market itself whether local or foreign, the price of the goods, and geographical feasibility. Avon and Tupperware, for example, sells its products directly to consumers whilst Procter and Gamble sells through retailers like supermarkets. Insurance and travel industries sell through agents. Producers must also take into account factors such as the most effective distribution channel, the most appropriate level of distribution intensity and degree of channel integration. In the first, considerations such as buyers’ expectations, geographical location and clustering of target consumers, producers’ resources, nature of the goods, and the channels that are being used by competitors are taken into consideration. The second consideration involves the number of channels to be used per area, which may be intensive, selective or exclusive, and should be dependent on the resources of the producer, the image it wants to project and its main priorities. Tyrell Potato Chips, for example, sells only to specialist retailers that gives it an upmarket image and allows it to gain a 35% profit margins not duplicated by its competitors. Finally, the third consideration will depend on how much the producer wants to get involved in the distribution and sales of the goods. It c an opt to choose the conventional methods, franchising such as the practice of McDonald’s, Starbucks, Body Shop and Benetton, or to go all the way by buying all channels involved to

Business research week 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business research week 3 - Assignment Example However, the means of acquiring the desired information in this case involves various stakeholders. Among these stakeholders are business shareholders who expect their investments to be deployed strategically to create improve value, research team which has to understand the purpose and commitment required, and participants to provide feedback regarding their perception of Samsung products. When conducting business research, shareholders expect research and development budgets to bear positive results. In consideration of ethics, Samsung is to ensure that budget allocated for specific research tasks is utilized within those jurisdictions. By observing ethical use of resources, Samsung is to strategically allocate these resources to service the need. On the other hand, when conducting business research, Samsung is to employ open communication in which members from the research and development department are well-informed of their duties and obligations. Lastly, the participants in the research will provide the required information regarding Samsung products. However, the provision of the information regarding customer perceptions on Samsung products demands the active participation of a research sample. In order to ensure ethical considerations when dealing with the sample, the research purpose should be explicitly stated, consent acquired, and the protection of persona l information guaranteed (Sauser,

Comparison and contrast essay Anchorage,Alaska and Key West Florida

Comparison and contrast Anchorage,Alaska and Key West Florida - Essay Example Perhaps. Key West, Florida and Anchorage, Alaska may be thousands of miles apart geographically and culturally, but in some ways, they are practically next door neighbors. The first striking difference between these two cities is obviously geography and climate. Key West is the westernmost island of the archipelago known as The Florida Keys. Close proximity to the Tropic of Capricorn and the warm currents of the Caribbean Sea give Key West a balmy average temperature of 82oF. Add to this an annual rainfall of nearly 40 inches per year and you have a pleasant climate capable of supporting a host of interesting vegetation while providing many hours of sunny weather to enjoy the waters surrounding the island. Of course, any city that has taken on the title of â€Å"Southernmost City in America† had better have plenty of warm weather and sunshine to back up their claim. Anchorage, while not the northernmost city in America is a great deal different than Key West. One has no need to look beyond the raw numbers to see that two more different cities could not be found in America in regards to geography and climate. Anchorage boasts and average annual temperature of 35oF with an average annual precipitation of just 16 inches (most of it of the frozen variety)(Hoare, 2008). Though summer days can reach into the mid 70’s, summer and winter weather is unpredictable in Anchorage. 40oF swings in temperature have been known to occur within the space of several hours. Anchorage enjoys long summer days due to its high latitude, but the subarctic climate surrounding the city dissuades most people from spending those summer days swimming in the frigid coastal waters nearby. An additional geographic feature that makes Anchorage much different that Key West is the nearby presence of active volcanoes. Occasional ash accumulation from these volcanoes poses a slight

American Flatbread Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Flatbread - Case Study Example The mission statement indicates that the value of the business is customer satisfaction and employee safety. George Schenk owns the American flatbread company and values community service based on healthy food as well as environmentally friendly workplace. Besides, he values quality and integrity achieved by perfecting simple menus that appeal to families and other pizza lovers. Schenk has been able to bring his own vision concerning food through making a popular American flatbread sold both locally and to other states. Making clean and healthy food has seen his efforts appreciated nationally. Also providing support to the community through hosting regular benefit bakes. Father, he expanded the facility to a wholesale and retail outlets and involves himself in the daily operations of making a stable food model which is reorganized worldwide. American flatbread supports business practices, which are socially responsible through participation in community organizations other than buying local products as much as possible. Occasionally, American flatbread holds meetings that are aimed at raising funds to benefit the community and giving attention to individuals who deserve it (Craig 1). The needy are also considered by the company as they are able to have free flatbreads. Educating children about food through accommodating class trips to enable them make their own pizza. Small business owners should be close with their employees in their communities to enable mutual understanding and fairness that is beneficial in a two way. This also enables a peaceful coexistence of the business and the community members. The benefits associated with franchising a business includes building a vision that is shared and helping in stimulating deeper conversations with the entire community through purchasing and sharing of benefits from the business. The small business franchises may also benefit directly through showcasing already

Comparison and contrast essay Anchorage,Alaska and Key West Florida

Comparison and contrast Anchorage,Alaska and Key West Florida - Essay Example Perhaps. Key West, Florida and Anchorage, Alaska may be thousands of miles apart geographically and culturally, but in some ways, they are practically next door neighbors. The first striking difference between these two cities is obviously geography and climate. Key West is the westernmost island of the archipelago known as The Florida Keys. Close proximity to the Tropic of Capricorn and the warm currents of the Caribbean Sea give Key West a balmy average temperature of 82oF. Add to this an annual rainfall of nearly 40 inches per year and you have a pleasant climate capable of supporting a host of interesting vegetation while providing many hours of sunny weather to enjoy the waters surrounding the island. Of course, any city that has taken on the title of â€Å"Southernmost City in America† had better have plenty of warm weather and sunshine to back up their claim. Anchorage, while not the northernmost city in America is a great deal different than Key West. One has no need to look beyond the raw numbers to see that two more different cities could not be found in America in regards to geography and climate. Anchorage boasts and average annual temperature of 35oF with an average annual precipitation of just 16 inches (most of it of the frozen variety)(Hoare, 2008). Though summer days can reach into the mid 70’s, summer and winter weather is unpredictable in Anchorage. 40oF swings in temperature have been known to occur within the space of several hours. Anchorage enjoys long summer days due to its high latitude, but the subarctic climate surrounding the city dissuades most people from spending those summer days swimming in the frigid coastal waters nearby. An additional geographic feature that makes Anchorage much different that Key West is the nearby presence of active volcanoes. Occasional ash accumulation from these volcanoes poses a slight

United States use of fossil fuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

United States use of fossil fuel - Research Paper Example The United States is considered amongst the largest consumers of fossil fuels, consuming 7.1 billion barrels/year of oil, 23.2 cubic feet/year of natural gas and 1.04 billion short tons/year of coal (Whitney, 2010, pg 20). The countries dependence on fossil fuel has increased over the years; with its total fossil fuel consumption increasing 20 fold in the last 4 decades.The high dependence of fossil fuels is clearly noticeable in the fossil fuel per capita consumption; that is the country consumes 20 to 30 times more fossil fuel per capita than developing nations. This high dependence on fossil fuels results in economic and environmental damage of the country. It is therefore needed that the United States adopt a reusable source of fuel that would lessen the strain on the environment and its economy. It is a well known fact that burning and consumption of fossil fuels results in release of harmful environment damaging substances. Fossil fuels mainly consist of petroleum, natural gas and coal. All three of which contribute to global warming by releasing greenhouse gases when combusted. These greenhouse gases further then contribute towards the global warming effect. Global warming is predicted to lead to other environmental disasters such as the sea level rising and major climate changes. Ultimately, the phenomenon is expected to lead the world into an ice age. The United States has established itself as one of the largest contributors towards making this phenomenon a reality. The United States expelled 6633.2 million metric tons of Carbon dioxide, which is the primary ingredient of global warming (US Environment Protection Agency, 2011, p. 2-5). The country’s economy is heavily based and dependent on fossil fuels. Though the country has its own fossil fuel reserves, it still to meet its large fuel requirements, imports fossil fuel from fossil fuel rich countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq becomes a necessity. This import of oil and its derivatives pus hes pressure on the economy. The high consumption of fossil fuels also poses indirect financial expenditures. Sea level rise and increase in destructive power of storms due to global warming, has put coastal cities such as New York, New Orleans and Miami in greater risk. It is estimated that damages could amount to $422 billion in the Atlantic and Gulf States between 2025 and 2100 (Environment America, 2009, p. 17). In a bid to avoid this catastrophic situation both environmentally and economically, it is essential that the United States slowly shifts its economy towards greener energy resources. The country already has installed several power plants that utilize renewable energy resources. As of 2010, renewable energy accounted for 11.4 percent of the electricity produced within the United States. The major sources of renewable fuel within the country are hydro, solar, wind, geothermal (Blackburn, 1987, p. 44). Most of these energy sources have already been developed within the cou ntry. Hydroelectric power contributes 66.8 percent of the total renewable energy and has iconic projects such as the Hoover dam and Grand Coulee dam under its belt. Solar energy plants installed within the Mojave Desert are capable of generating up to 354MW of power. The Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) consists of nine solar power plants that were commissioned between 1984 and 1991. There are more solar plants being constructed in order to increase the amount of coverage by renewable sources; of which two are the Blythe Solar Power Project and Ivanpah Solar Power Facility. Wind power is a growing source of energy within the United States. The power generated by wind farm’s currently amounts to more than 35,159MW. These farms are mostly located within ranches of Texas. The idea of wind farms for renewable source of energy is gaining popularity and wind power is expected to cover 20% of US electricity by 2030. Geothermal source of energy is the fourth largest source of r enewable energy. Geothermal plants are mostly locat

The Process of Buying Your First Car Essay Example for Free

The Process of Buying Your First Car Essay The Process in Buying Your First Car The process of buying a brand new car can be a thrilling and exhilarating experience. Whether you are the first time car buyer looking for a reliable car to get you around town or a seasoned car buying expert, having the most up to date information and advice on the car buying process can be a definite advantage. Before you start looking to buy a car there are some things you will need to come to a decision on, such as, how much you can afford, whether to buy a new or used one and whether to pay cash or finance. First, you will need to decide what makes and models you are interested in, than do as much research on that type of auto as you can. Read reviews, consumer reports, ask your colleagues and friends, compare the optional equipment on each car, gather gas consumption data on the make and model you’re interested in. Examine the reliability ratings. Try to determine the maintenance costs and upkeep. Next, make a list of what you are looking for in a car. You should decide what color, appearance, style, vehicle type such as an SUV, sedan, or coupe. Choose whether an automatic or a manual transmission. What kind of gas mileage, the number of passenger seating, how much storage capacity? What is the reliability rating and what safety features are included with the auto. Then you should write down what it is you need in a car. Write the needs down first and then write down what you want. You can then prioritize your list by rank of importance. You should decide how much you are willing to pay for the car and do not deviate from it in any way. Decide whether you’re going to buy from a dealership, a private owner, or from an auction. Whether you have a trade-in, pay cash or finance? This can influence how much you are willing to pay. This could be what determines whether you buy a new or used, economy or luxury auto. Then narrow down your prospects to just a few to choose from. This will help you when you start looking for which dealerships to go to or advertisements to look at.

Impact of Stroke Case Study

Impact of Stroke Case Study Introduction Jithra is now 68 years of age. Her family consists of husband, daughter, nephew and nephews wife. She has been living with left side hemiplegia caused by stroke since she was 64. As this interview went, Jithra was holding her daughters hand and slowly elaborated her word by word experience in tears. Before an episode of stroke damaged the right side of her brain and put her in bed for the rest of her life, Jithra was living a life of a healthy person. She stated that poverty and debt were the most important factors that motivated her to wake up at 4:30 am on regular basis in order to prepare food and beverage for her respective customers who kindly supported her small restaurant. A strong belief that she did not have any health issue strengthened by the fact that an annual physical check-up was so expensive disguised Jithra from realising how essential it was to have her blood pressure and blood glucose level regularly monitored when she aged. As now that she spends her activities of daily living in bed, pressure sore has become the main concern for both Jithra and her family. Though Jithra does not complain of soreness, redness on skin does indicate that some areas need attention. This essay will provide an overview understanding of stroke and its negative effects posed on Jithra. Furthermore, this essay will emphasise on the intervention and prevention of pressure ulcer in depth. Understand Stroke According to World Health Organization (2014), stroke occurs when there is an interruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain. Stroke can be divided into two major types. The first type is called haemorrhagic stroke. This type of stroke accounts for approximately 13 percent of all strokes (Brown Edward, 2012). It results from bleeding into the brain tissue. The bleeding caused by a rupture of blood vessels results in the leakage of blood into the brain impairing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. Haemorrhagic stroke can be caused by a number of disorders affecting the blood vessels. Some of which are long-standing high blood pressure and cerebral aneurysms, a thin or weak spot on a blood vessel wall. The weak spots that cause aneurysms are usually present at birth. The development of aneurysms happens over a number of years and don’t usually cause detectable problems until they break (Stroke Foundation, 2014). Jithra’s daughter stated that Jithra complained of headache and nausea approximately 48 hours, especially during periods of activity, before an episode of stroke occurred. Headache particularly distinguishes haemorrhagic stroke from ischaemic stroke. Its other symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, neurological deficits and hypertension (Brown Edward, 2012). The second type is called ischaemic stroke. It accounts for approximately 85 percent of all strokes. According to Brown and Edward (2012), this type of stroke occurs as the result of partial or complete obstruction, caused by a blood clot, of a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain. This leads to an insufficient of oxygen supply and glucose needed for cellular metabolism. A clot may be formed by means of embolism or thrombosis. Both types of clotting formations can be differentiated by their characteristics. The term embolism in relation to stroke is characterised by a condition where an embolus is created in one part of the brain or the body, circulates in the bloodstream, and eventually blocks the flow of blood through a vessel in another part of the brain (Crosta, 2009). This is called embolic stroke. On the other hand, the term thrombosis is characterised by the formation of a clot resulted from fatty deposits or plaque blocking the passage of blood through the artery. Th is type of clot remains in one area of blood vessels without being carried throughout the bloodstream. This is called thrombotic stroke (Brown Edward, 2012). Stroke risk factors There are multiple risk factors associating with stroke as according with (Brown Edward, 2012). The risk factors can be classified into non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race and heredity. Modifiable risk factors include diabetes mellitus, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heavy alcohol consumption, hypercoagulability, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, sickle cell disease and smoking. Jithra, at 68, was diagnosed with hypertension or high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. Age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus have played a key role in contribution to stroke. ‘Stroke risk increases with age, doubling each decade after age 55 (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1622).’ The rate of atherosclerotic development is usually increased by the stress of a constantly elevated blood pressure. The term atherosclerosis is referred to as hardening of the arteries resulting from the formation of fatty deposits or plaques. The narrowing of the blood vessels is its consequence. The carotid artery in the neck is a common site where these plaques develop and tend to break away and lodge in the vessels of the brain (Sander, 2013). Likewise, diabetes mellitus increases tendency towards the dysfunction of the inner linings of the blood vessel walls leading to an increase in the tendency towards the development of plaques. In addition, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels are highly likely among people with diabetes mellitus (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 863). Impact of Stroke According to Brown and Edward (2012), stroke is a leading cause of serious, long-term disability. Jithra has been living with left side paralysis since she was 64 as a consequence of stroke. Immobility and the weakness in Jithra’s right arm and leg are the key limitations. She relies greatly on her family members when repositioning in bed is attempted and a combination of self-care abilities and activities of daily living, such as eating or drinking, are performed. Dysarthria, a disturbance in the muscular control of speech, is also experienced. Impairment may involve pronunciation, articulation and phonation. This helps explaining why Jithra feels uncomfortable communicating with strangers. As the interview went, a sudden change in emotion was spotted. Persons who have had a stroke may have difficulty controlling their emotions. Emotional responses may be exaggerated or unpredictable (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1628).The daughter said that Jithra sometimes cried without any reas on. The interchanging between laughing and crying took only minutes to do so. Besides pressure, shearing force, friction and excessive moisture contribute to pressure ulcer formation (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). As mentioned above that Jithra is bed-bound and greatly relies on her family members when repositioning is attempted, manual handling is used in order to lift and move her around the bed. However, the incorrect techniques combined with non-supportive equipment, such as sliding sheet, have put the maintenance of Jithra’s skin integrity becomes much more difficult. Pressure Ulcer According to Sydney South West (2008, p. 4), pressure ulcers are defined as â€Å"any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure when soft tissue is compressed between a bony prominence and an external surface for a prolonged period.† Factors that influence the development of pressure ulcers include the intensity of the pressure; the length of time the pressure is exerted on the skin; and the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. Intrinsic factors that put Jithra at risk in developing pressure ulcers consist of advanced age, malnutrition and diabetes mellitus. Extrinsic factors include pressure, shear and moisture Sydney South West (2008). Intervention Although the skin remains intact, the appearance of persistent redness, particularly in sacrum, followed by itchy sensation indicates that stage one pressure ulcer has already developed. Stage one pressure ulcer can be intervened as referred to pressure ulcer intervention guidelines (Jones, 2013) by strictly maintaining the skin integrity. This can be done by relieving the externally applied pressure, protecting fragile skin and bony prominence, preventing friction and shearing and protecting skin from moisture. In relieving the externally applied pressure, a regime of repositioning combined with the use of pressure relieving devices has already been utilised by Jithra’s daughter. However, it might not be enough in terms of the frequency. The frequency of repositioning depends on the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. In this case, Jithra should move or be repositioned frequently enough in allowing reddened area of affected skin to recover from the effects of pressure. A turn clock may be a helpful reminder of correct body positions and appropriate turning times. Additionally, a 30-degree side lying position may well be utilised for Jithra as it diverts pressure from the sacrum. Maintaining a 30-degree side lying position can simply be done by using pillow or foam positioning wedges. However, lying on the side may increase pressure on extremities, especially knees and ankles. Placing pillows between the legs helps preventing opposing knees and ankles fr om exerting pressure on one another (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). In protecting fragile skin and bony prominence, an appropriate support surfaces shall be used and yet its cost has to be taken into consideration. Poverty and debt make it very difficult for Jithra to afford buying or renting them. ‘Charges can range from $24 to purchase a foam overlay to a daily rental fee of $125 for a highly technical therapy bed (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001, p. 75).’ Regardless of the variations in price, There is no scientific evidence that one support surface consistently works better than any others. Nevertheless, pressure points require protection whether at risk persons are in a bed or on a chair. Using pillows to bridge vulnerable areas, again simple, is an effective way to eliminate pressure. A regime of repositioning, together with the use of pillows has proved to be highly effective in protecting fragile skin and bony prominence. In preventing Jithra from friction and shearing, a family education on how friction and shearing occur and correct usage of manual handling techniques and appropriate equipment shall be provided. Shear is greatest when a caregiver drags an at risk person along the surface of the sheets during repositioning or allows the person to slide from high-fowler’s position. In order to minimise shearing force, the head of the bed shall not be raised exceeding a 30 degree angle, unless the patient is eating. Furthermore, friction, a precursor of shear, is commonly caused by pulling a patient across the bed linen. Rubbing the protective layer of skin away increases the potential for deeper tissue damage. Excessive moisture may be the result of sweating, wound drainage, soaking during bathing and faecal and urinary incontinence. Moist skin is five times as likely to become ulcerated as dry skin. The intervention guidelines suggested that protecting skin from moisture can be done by using continence management systems, using barrier skin cream to prevent skin maceration and keeping the site clean and dry. Living in a hot and humid country like Thailand may put Jithra at a higher risk of developing pressure ulcer due to sweating. Thailand normally has its temperature sitting at around 30 degree Celsius. Two fans, together with the application of baby powder are used in maintaining the dryness of Jithra’s skin. Recommendation According to Jones (2013), it is highly recommended that risk assessments must be done on Jithra by using the Waterlow scale. In doing so, her body mass index is required. The scale will give a score which helps identifying if Jithra is at risk, high risk or very high risk in developing pressure ulcers. Therefore, repositioning regime can be precisely arranged in order to ensure optimum pressure redistribution. Manual handling, together with the use of equipment such as hoists or slide sheets, effectively helps avoiding shear and friction. Education on the use of the mentioned equipment shall also be provided. A dietician shall be involved in discussing knowledge of healthy diet and considering the need for food fortification and nutritional supplements. Make sure that Jithra consumes adequate fibre and well hydrated as she is more prone to constipation due to immobility. Conclusion This can be concluded that the maintenance of skin integrity plays a key role in avoiding the development of pressure ulcers. Being rich or poor might not be the factors in treating and preventing pressure ulcers. This essay has shown how beneficial it is to have carers or family members who strictly put pressure ulcer intervention and prevention guidelines into practice to look after Jithra. The mattress that Jithra lays her body on might not be the best that the family can afford but frequently turning and maintaining dry skin have proved in lowering the risk of developing pressure ulcers. Only stage one pressure ulcer developed though, Jithra has been suffering from disability for 4 years. References Brown, D., Edwards, H. (Eds.). (2012). Lewiss medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems. NSW, Australia: Elsevier Australia. Crosta, P. (2009). What Is Embolism? What Are The Different Types Of Embolism?. Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153704.php Jones, D. (2013). Pressure ulcer prevention in the community setting. Nursing Standard, 28 (3) 47-55. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.holmesglen.vic.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3sid=87c6951d-c6be-44c5-8985-c35d1918eb04%40sessionmgr4004hid=4207 Maklebust, J., Sieggreen, M. (2001). Pressure Ulcers: Guidelines for Prevention and Management (3rd ed.). Pennsylvania, USA: Springhouse Corporation. ONeill, P. A. (2002). Caring for the Older Adult: A Health Promotion Perspective. Pennsylvania, USA: W.B. Saunders Company. Sander, R. (2013). Prevention and treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Nursing Older People, 25(8), 34-39. Scott, K., Webb, M., Sorrentino, S., Gorek, B. (Eds.). (2006). Long-term care assisting: Aged care and disability. NSW, Australia: Elsevier Australia. Stroke Foundation. (2014). Types of Stroke. Retrieve from http://strokefoundation.com.au/what-is-a-stroke/types-of-stroke/ Sydney South West Area Health Service. (2007). Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management. Retrieved fromhttp://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/pdf/policy/pd2008008.pdf Watkins, C., Leathley, M. (2010). Setting the scene. In Williams, J., Perry, L., Watkins C. (Eds.), Acute Stroke Nursing (pp.1-16). Retrieved fromhttp://0-onlinelibrary.wiley.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/store/10.1002/9781444318838.ch1/asset/ch1.pdf?v=1t=ht43cw4ls=1791526b00be208b196d718b1c2189904267ad40 World Health Organization. (2014). Stroke, Cerebrovascular Accident. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/

Pearl Harbor Essay -- essays research papers

Richard Collier wrote The Road to Pearl Harbor: 1941 to talk about how the actions of individuals and governments brought the United States into World War II, as a result of the Pearl Harbor massacre caused by the Japanese. The book starts out a dinner that Winston Churchill is hosting in order to recruit the support of the United States during the war. Winston Churchill is pleased to find out that he will have access to all sorts of American war materials, thanks to the lend-lease policy, which many saw as a slick business deal for the United States. The United States gained many assets in return for war materials not worth nearly as much. One German who made a huge difference in the book was Rudolf Hess, a personal friend of Hitler’s who took it upon himself to fly an unarmed plane into Britain to try and negotiate a peace talk in order to keep Germany from having to fight a two front war following the execution of Operation Barbarossa, the code name for the invasion of the Soviet Union. The British did not know what to make of Hess, and treated him as a prisoner of war, leaving him mentally unstable and in no condition to negotiate a peace between Germany and Britain. Hitler was outraged when he found out about Hess’s mission, and played it off like Hess was the victim of hallucinations. Hitler did this because he did not really want peace with Britain and was desperate to keep up the morale of his troops getting ready to invade the Soviet Union. Hitler was also worried that Hess would be given a truth serum and reveal the plan to invade the Soviet Union to Winston Churchill. Another interesting man from Germany was called the â€Å"Desert Fox.† Erwin Rommel earned his nickname by using new tactics to defeat the British in Africa despite being outnumbered for the most part. Rommel would make it look like he had more forces than he did by putting wooden turrets on top of BMWs and placing them next to real artillery during battles, influencing the British’s decision to retreat. The turning point in both the war and the book come when the Japanese decide to invade Pearl Harbor early in the morning of December 7, 1941. Collier goes on to talk about how the Japanese got ready for the invasion by eating a traditional breakfast, wearing red shirt... ...e Collier is basically just telling the stories of people who did something important during World War II before the tragedy at Pearl Harbor. These events are all correct historically and that makes the book a little easier to read. Before reading this book I did not know who people like Erwin Rommel and Rudolf Hess were. It is different to see World War II from a view other than that of an American. Richard Collier was born in London and was a member of the Royal Air Force from 1942 until 1946. This gives him more credibility than someone who just does a bunch of research and throws it together for a book. Collier did research, citing hundreds of sources, but he also had his own personal experiences to fall back on, and that is not something that a lot of teachers and authors can say. I would not recommend this book to other people unless they are interested in history and war. If you are interested in history and war, especially World War II, then The Road to Pearl Harbor: 1941 is a good book for you. The book covers so much material that teachers could not possibly begin to cover that it is a must-read for history buffs. "The Road to Pearl Harbor: 1941 by Richard Collier Pearl Harbor Essay -- essays research papers Richard Collier wrote The Road to Pearl Harbor: 1941 to talk about how the actions of individuals and governments brought the United States into World War II, as a result of the Pearl Harbor massacre caused by the Japanese. The book starts out a dinner that Winston Churchill is hosting in order to recruit the support of the United States during the war. Winston Churchill is pleased to find out that he will have access to all sorts of American war materials, thanks to the lend-lease policy, which many saw as a slick business deal for the United States. The United States gained many assets in return for war materials not worth nearly as much. One German who made a huge difference in the book was Rudolf Hess, a personal friend of Hitler’s who took it upon himself to fly an unarmed plane into Britain to try and negotiate a peace talk in order to keep Germany from having to fight a two front war following the execution of Operation Barbarossa, the code name for the invasion of the Soviet Union. The British did not know what to make of Hess, and treated him as a prisoner of war, leaving him mentally unstable and in no condition to negotiate a peace between Germany and Britain. Hitler was outraged when he found out about Hess’s mission, and played it off like Hess was the victim of hallucinations. Hitler did this because he did not really want peace with Britain and was desperate to keep up the morale of his troops getting ready to invade the Soviet Union. Hitler was also worried that Hess would be given a truth serum and reveal the plan to invade the Soviet Union to Winston Churchill. Another interesting man from Germany was called the â€Å"Desert Fox.† Erwin Rommel earned his nickname by using new tactics to defeat the British in Africa despite being outnumbered for the most part. Rommel would make it look like he had more forces than he did by putting wooden turrets on top of BMWs and placing them next to real artillery during battles, influencing the British’s decision to retreat. The turning point in both the war and the book come when the Japanese decide to invade Pearl Harbor early in the morning of December 7, 1941. Collier goes on to talk about how the Japanese got ready for the invasion by eating a traditional breakfast, wearing red shirt... ...e Collier is basically just telling the stories of people who did something important during World War II before the tragedy at Pearl Harbor. These events are all correct historically and that makes the book a little easier to read. Before reading this book I did not know who people like Erwin Rommel and Rudolf Hess were. It is different to see World War II from a view other than that of an American. Richard Collier was born in London and was a member of the Royal Air Force from 1942 until 1946. This gives him more credibility than someone who just does a bunch of research and throws it together for a book. Collier did research, citing hundreds of sources, but he also had his own personal experiences to fall back on, and that is not something that a lot of teachers and authors can say. I would not recommend this book to other people unless they are interested in history and war. If you are interested in history and war, especially World War II, then The Road to Pearl Harbor: 1941 is a good book for you. The book covers so much material that teachers could not possibly begin to cover that it is a must-read for history buffs. "The Road to Pearl Harbor: 1941 by Richard Collier

Herzberg Two Factor Theory

Maslow's need theory has practical limitations in translating needs into something operational, since the criteria for satisfying social needs differ from individual to individual. Frederick Herzberg developed a two-factor theory to provide some direction for managers in resolving motivational problems. He derived to this conclusion by a survey he ran back in 1959, in which he asked engineers to describe events that led to such feelings of satisfaction about their work and events that led to dissatisfaction. In this theory, Herzberg distinguished between two different types of factors, those who can give an individual the feeling of satisfaction which he called motivating factors and those that can give him the feeling of dissatisfaction which he called hygiene factors. Hygiene factors include â€Å"technical supervision, interpersonal relationship with peers, salary, working conditions, status, company policy, job security and interpersonal relations with superiors†. All of these factors are job contextual and also include maintenance factors. These are considered extrinsic, as they are out of the limit of work and employees. Hygiene factors are satisfiers to the extent that they produce dissatisfaction if absent, but once satisfied the effect soon disappear – satisfaction is temporary. However, they are not motivators for better performance. Motivating factors relate to job content and are concerned with increased satisfaction and the desire to work harder. This factors provides satisfaction and motivates towards more effort and better performance, their absence does not produce dissatisfaction. Some of the motivating factors are â€Å"advancement, the work itself, recognition, and the possibility of growth†. Herzberg’s theory can be applied to better understand the problem of high staff turnover. In this scenario, hygiene factors are salary (dissatisfaction on salary), security (safety risk), work condition (outdoor job), supervision (lack of support from management), personal life (own attitude – introverts) and relationship with peers (influence by bad attitude colleagues). Motivators are personal growth and recognition (demoted staff) and responsibility (autocratic leadership). Hence, Herzberg’s theory can be applied by management of the organisation to better motivate their staff. Various job enrichment techniques can be implemented, for example removal of controls, increase in accountability, participation in decision making, introduction of new tasks and the granting of additional authority. Management can focus on motivation through rewards that linked to performance and equitable.

Production of Acetone

5. 1 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES: Acetone is produced directly or indirectly by propylene. Early processes for the manufacture of acetone were based on the thermal decomposition of calcium acetate or the carbohydrate fermentation of corn starch or molasses. The ready availability of propylene in the 1960s led to routes based on the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol or cumene peroxidation. (1) By Cumene Oxidation (Hock Process). Propene is added to benzene [71-43-2] to form cumene [98-82-8], which is then oxidized by air to cumene hydroperoxide, and cleaved in the presence of an acid catalyst like zeolite. Phenol [108-95-2] and acetone [67-64-1] produced in the process are recovered by distillation. Ratio of phenol to acetone is 1:0. 6. (2) By Dehydrogenation of 2-proponal The hydration of propene [115-07-1] gives 2-propanol [67-63-0], which is then dehydrogenated to acetone. In the United States a C3 stream containing 40 – 60 % propene is used for the manufacture of 2-propanol. A large number of catalysts for 2-propanol dehydrogenation have been studied, including copper, zinc, and lead metals, as well as metal oxides, e. g. , zinc oxide, copper oxide, chromium-activated copper oxide, manganese oxide, and magnesium oxide. Inert supports, such as pumice, may be used. CH3CH=CH2 CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3COCH3 +H2 (3) By catalytic oxidation of Propene (Wacker-Hoechst). The process is analogous to the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde by theWacker process. The catalyst solution typically contains 0. 045M Palladium (II) chloride, 1. 8M Copper (II) Chloride, and acetic acid. The reaction usually is carried out in two alternating stages. In the first stage, air is used to oxidize the metal ions to the +2 oxidation state. In the second, air is removed and propene added. Palladium (II) oxidizes propene, and the resulting Palladium (I) is reoxidized by the pool of copper (II). Besides propionaldehyde, chlorinated carbonyl compounds and carbon dioxide also are formed. Acetone and the byproducts are removed from the catalyst solution by flash evaporation with steam and separated by fractional distillation. A mixture of acetone (92 % selectivity) and propionaldehyde (2 – 4 % selectivity) is produced. CH3CH=CH2 + ? O2 CH3COCH3 + CH3CH2CHO (4) By oxidation of p-Disisopropyl Benzene (Goodyear Process). Acetone is coproduced with hydroquinone [123-31-9] from p-diisopropylbenzene [100-18-5] in a process analogous to the phenol – acetone production from cumene. In the Goodyear process p-diisopropylbenzene is oxidized by oxygen in the presence of caustic. The p-diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide [3159-98-6] formed is crystallized and washed with benzene. It is then dissolved in acetone and cleaved to hydroquinone and acetone in the presence of sulfuric acid. Next the acid is neutralized with ammonia and the ammonium sulfate formed is filtered. Acetone is recovered by distillation from the reaction mixture. 5) By distillation of Calcium Acetate. Manufacture of Acetone from Acetate of Lime, etc. – Acetone is produced commercially by the dry distillation of various acetates, calcium acetate (commercial grey acetate of lime) or barium acetate being generally used. The single acetate is usually employed, although mixtures of two acetates have been recommended. Grey calcium ace tate usually contains about 80 per cent calcium acetate, the remaining 20 per cent consisting of water and various impurities, including small quantities of calcium formate and propionate as well as salts of other organic acids. Calcium acetate when heated at a temperature of about 380Â ° C. decomposes, giving acetone and a residue of calcium carbonate, but at the same time the accompanying calcium salts present as impurities also react and acetaldehyde and various higher ketones are formed together with the condensation products. In addition other impurities (such as dumasin) and tar-like bodies are formed. Ca(CH? -COO)? CH? -CO-CH? + CaCO? (6) By fermentation of Corn Products by selected Bacteria. The process was started during World War II to provide acetone needed for the manufacture of cordite. The last operating plant in the United States (Publicker Industries) closed in 1977. The fermentation of cornmeal or molasses by various members of the Clostridium genus yields a mixture of 1-butanol, acetone, and ethanol in 2 % overall concentration. The products are recovered by steam distillation and then fractionated. 5. 2 SELECTION OF PROCESSES: Sr NoProcessesParameterCatalystAdvantages/ Disadvantages 1Cumene OxidationYield:- 40% Selectivity:- 90% 1)For Cumene hydroperoxide Temp:- 120 0C Pressure:- 1 atm 2) For acetone Temp:- 60-65 0CAcid catalyst like zeoliteAdvantage:- Valuable main product phenol Disadvantage: – ) Higher operating cost. 2) Acetone is as a byproduct. 2Dehydrogenation of 2-proponalYield:- 90% Selectivity:- 98% Temp:- 300-500 0C Pressure:- 3 atm Dehydrogenation Catalyst:- ZnO, CuAdvantages:- 1) The primary advantage of this process is that the acetone produced is free from trace aromatic compounds, particularly benzene. 2) Less operating cost 3) Valuable byproduct Hydrogen which is 99% pure. 4) High Yield 3Catalytic oxidation of PropeneYield:- 97-99% Selectivity:-92% Temp:- 140 0C Pressure:- 14 atmPalladium Chloride – Cupric ChlorideAdvantage:- 1) Single stage Disadvantages:- 1) High capital & operating cost. 2) Corrosion problem. 4Oxidation of p-Di-isopropyl BenzeneYield:- 20% Temp:- 80-90 0CSulfuric acidDisadvantage: – 1) Higher operating cost. 2) Acetone is as a byproduct. 3) Lower yield 5Distillation of Calcium AcetateYield:- 75% Temp:- 380 0C Disadvantage: – 1) Higher operating cost 2) Lower yield 6Fermentation processYield:- 28-30% Temp:- 35-450CClostridium Madisonii VacteriaDisadvantages: – 1) Lower yield. 2) Higher processing cost due to increase in price of petrochemical feedstock which is used for extracting the acetone. On the above discussion between various methods we are choosing the IPA route to produce Acetone. 5. 3 PROCESSES DESCRIPTION: The production of acetone is divided in two parts. 1)Production of IPA through Feed drum is a kind of tank used for the mixing of the recycle stream and feed stream. Recycle stream concentration was assumed to be same with the feed stream. The temperature of the feed stream is assumed to be 25 0C at 2 bar pressure, which is assumed to be constant. The temperature of recycle stream was calculated as 111. 5 0C. The temperature of the leaving stream was calculated as 32. 9 0C, by the energy balance around feed drum. In the vaporizer molten salt was used for heating. The temperature at the entrance of the unit is the temperature of the mixture leaving the feed drum, which is 32. 89 0C. And the leaving temperature is the bubble point temperature of the mixture, which is 109. 5 0C. The pressure is 2 bars, and assumed to be constant. Since the temperature leaving the vaporizer is not enough for the reaction a pre-heater was used. The unit is working at 2 bars, and assumed to be constant. The entrance and leaving temperatures are 109. 50 0C and 325 0C. The reactor was the starting point for the calculations. The temperature values for the entering and leaving streams were found from literature, which are 325 0C and 350 0C, respectively. The reaction taken place inside is endothermic, for this reason the reactor has to be heated. For heating, molten salt was used. The pressure is 1. 8 bar, and assumed to be constant. The entrance temperature of the cooler is 350 0C and leaving is 94. 70 0C. For cooling, water was used. Instead of water a refrigerant may be used. Better results may get. But since it costs too much, it wasn’t chosen as the cooling material. From the temperature values it’s easily seen that the load is on the cooler not on the condenser, for this process. But in reality the unit cannot cool that much, and the load is mostly on the condenser. In this process, the mixture cooled down to its dew point. The pressure is 1. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. The temperature of the entering stream is the dew point and the leaving temperature is the bubble point of the mixture. In the condenser water was used as cooling material. In the calculation of the dew and bubble points Antoine Equation was used. Trial and error was used with the help of Excel. The mixture includes acetone, i-propyl-alcohol, water and hydrogen. But hydrogen was not taken into consideration in the calculations. Since the condensation temperature of hydrogen is very low, it is not condense in the condenser. It stays in this for this reasons it has no effect on bubble and dew point calculations. Also since it does not affect the temperature calculations it’s not taken into consideration on mole and mass fraction calculations. The leaving and entering temperatures are 94. 70 0C and 81 0C, respectively. The pressure is 1. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. Flash unit was assumed to be isothermal, for this reason temperature was not changed. It is 81 0C in the entrance and exit. The pressure is 1. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. By trial and error method, (V / F) value was found to be 0. 2. The entrance temperature of the unit is the bubble point of the mixture, but if it was its dew point the (V/F) value would be much higher. Scrubber was assumed to be adiabatic. The temperature of water entering the unit was assumed to be 25 0C. The temperature of the off gas, including hydrogen and a very little amount of acetone, was assumed to 70 0C. But this assumption is too high, a lower temperature should have been assumed, since a lot of water is used in the unit. It should have been around 40 0C – 50 0C. The temperature of the leaving stream was found to be 28. 10 0C. The pressure of the unit is 1.. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. The streams leaving the scrubber and flash unit are mixed together before entering the acetone column. The temperature leaving the flash unit and scrubber are 81 0C and 28. 10 0C, respectively. The temperature of the mixture was found to be 45 0C. This result was getting by using energy balance around the mixing point. The acetone column is used to separate the acetone from the mixture. The entrance temperature is 45 0C. The leaving temperatures for the top and bottom product are 102. 3 and 105, respectively, which are the bubble and dew points. Top product of the unit includes acetone i-propyl-alcohol and 99wt% of the product is acetone. This amount is assumed to be the desired acetone production rate, which is 115000 ton/year. From the bottom i-propylalcohol water and a very little amount of, 0,1 %, acetone is discharged. The pressure is 1. 1 bar, and assumed to be constant. In the distillation column, i-propyl-alcohol and water are separated. The entrance temperature is 105 0C. The leaving temperatures of the top and bottom products are both 111. 50 0C. The top product is recycled to the feed drum. For this reason it’s assumed to have the same concentration with the feed stream. But in reality a very little amount of acetone exists in the stream. It’s calculated but neglected on the recycle stream calculations. The bottom product is assumed to be pure water and it’s thrown away. Since its temperature is very high it cannot be recycled to the scrubber. But if a cooler is used, a recycle can be used. The pressure is 1. 1 bar, and assumed to be constant.