Analysis of Ethical Dilemmas Essay - 1091 Words

Analysis of Ethical Dilemmas Posthumous Conception Case Grand Canyon University By Isabel Tolento, RN January 20, 2013 Ethical implications arise when a situation deals with principles of morality and resolution is neither right nor wrong. Because of the stress and emotion ethical dilemmas present us with; steps have been recognized to help work through determination. Although each and every situation is unique, a framework for problem resolution along with laws for ethical situations has taken effect. In the ethical dilemma of Karen Capato and her posthumous conception twins born 18 months after her husband’s death, lives changing ethical questions are considered in the decision to award social†¦show more content†¦Supreme Court unanimously ruled against the case. Though the twins were no eligible under the Florida law, court appeals found that the Capato twins fit the adequate description under â€Å"the child of, or legally adopted child.† Government’s Lawyer, Eric Miller, confirmed that the Social Security Administration, (SSA), required benefit seekers to show ability to inherit property and benefits at the time of insured’s death and that the SSA has determined a child’s eligibility for benefits based on state law since 1940 (Totenberg, 2012). As appeals continued, An Administrative Law Judge, (ALJ), declared that state intestacy law, the law of decent and distribution,† controls appropriateness for survivor benefits for fami lies involving in vitro fertilization children under the SSA. The law varies with each state, making them ineligible for survivor social security benefits in Florida. SSA administrative judge ruled the state of death of Robert Capato was Florida, which determines inability to inherit from parents in conceiving takes place after parent’s death. Florida is one of four states to specifically not allow posthumously conceived children to inherit SSA benefits. While thirteen state laws do allow posthumously conceived children to qualify for the SSA when there is no will, the remaining states are determined by the state courts to specify who is a â€Å"child,† entitled to inherit under intestacy law (Totenberg, 2012). As of 2012, the Supreme Court’sShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Ethical Dilemma1261 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Ethical Dilemma Grand Canyon University NRS-437V Ethical Decision Making in Health Care Analysis of Ethical Dilemma Natural calamities are unpredictable phenomena’s where the damage may be countless and immeasurable examples of natural calamities are earthquakes, floods and famine. In situations like this relief operations are challenging even though many organizations and nations extend their resources to overcome the disaster. We often face issues and concerns in a massiveRead MoreAnalysis of an Ethical Dilemma Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pages Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma (Part1) Voluntary/ Assisted Euthanasia By Feba Erattakulangara, Jacinda Koski, Nne Uyoh, Olga Gray Grand Canyon University Ethical Decision Making in Health Care NRS 437V February 24, 2013 Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma (Part1) Voluntary/ Assisted Euthanasia Amongst the multitude of ethical dilemmas in health care the debate about voluntary or assisted euthanasia presents to be theRead MoreAnalysis of an Ethical Dilemma1435 Words   |  6 PagesUnethical Marketing of Medical and Pharmaceutical Products-Part Two Tamara Floyd Sherome Graham Frances Kadambi Viviene Smith Grand Canyon University: NRS 437V Ethical Decision Making in Healthcare October 20th, 2013 Unethical Marketing of Medical and Pharmaceutical Products Part Two The pharmaceutical industry along with the manufacturers of healthcare products and technologies often encourage the misappropriation and distribution of marginally beneficial products and technologies in theRead MoreAnalysis Paper: Ethical Dilemma1737 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis Paper: Ethical Dilemma Last summer I had an opportunity to intern for a regional public accounting firm just outside of Philadelphia. During the internship, I encountered my first real on the job ethical dilemma. I had been working at the firm for probably 3 weeks before the incident occurred. It happened on a Friday in late June. This was no ordinary Friday, as all of the partners of the firm were out of the office on an annual retreat. Furthermore, on this Friday, many ofRead MoreEthical Analysis Of Facebook s Ethical Dilemma1084 Words   |  5 Pages1. Ethical analysis of Facebook. What is the ethical dilemma presented by this case? The social networking giant Facebook, Inc. was incorporated in California in 2004 and operates worldwide with 1.49 billion monthly active users. It has many tools to connect, discover, communicate and share. Facebook has affiliation with Trend Micro Inc. for educating and protecting online users digital identity against malicious websites and malware. Facebook confronts controversies over the data collection andRead MoreEthical Dilemma Analysis Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pagesconfidentiality now faces an ethical dilemma: if she keeps her promise to the girl, she may not get the proper follow up care and support to treat her illness, and if she breaks her promise, she has violated the ethical principles of fidelity, and autonomy (Nathanson, 2000). This paper will discuss the ethical implications of breaches of confidentiality, and how the ethical theory of teleology helps to determine the best course of action. Using the 6-step process of ethical decision-making from PurtiloRead MoreCase Analysis : Ethical Dilemma1318 Words   |  6 PagesTitle of Paper: Ethical Dilemma One INTRODUCTION Mrs. Smith, is an 81-year-old widow. She has been widowed for over twenty years. She has been very independent with some assistance from neighbors due to her son living out of the area and unable to assist. Recently, she has had issues with her independence. She has set two accidental fires that caused damages to her apartment, as well as had a recent fall in the bathtub. These issues have gained her son’s attention which has led him to requestRead MoreAnalysis Of An Ethical Dilemma Part 21131 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma, Part 2: Spiritual Leader Interview Paula J. Mangus Grand Canyon University NRS-437V May 9, 2015 Interview Questions and Answers 1. What religious organization are you affiliated with? I am an ordained minister with the Centers for Spiritual Living out of Colorado. I have the title of â€Å"Reverend† but use â€Å"Pastor† because I take care of the spiritual needs of other people, whatever that may be. 2. How long have you been a pastor? 11 years 3. How do youRead MoreEssay An Analysis of Ethical Dilemma of International Adoption2458 Words   |  10 Pagesthen it has started to decrease. Such big numbers in the rate of international adoption and popularity of it raises more and more positive and negative concerns. The whole society started to pay more attention to it, asking questions and raising ethical dilemma of international adoption. The importance of this topic is significant, since children should be considered as the most precious parts of every nation. Country’s well-being includes not only economic stability and military force, but children’sRead MoreAn Analysis Of An Ethical Dilemma Using The Doing Ethics Technique Essay2122 Words   |  9 Pages Assessment 1 – Doing Ethics Technique TITLE An analysis of an ethical dilemma using the Doing Ethics Technique (DET) SUB TITLE NAME Stewart Armstrong STUDENT ID 11206102 EMAIL CONTACT stewart@thearmstrongs.net December 2015 Table of Contents 1. The Analysis 3 2. The Reference List 7 â€Æ' 1. The Analysis There is more public support for marijuana law reform than ever before with new polls showing more than half the country is in favor of legalizing

Should Animals Be Protected Against Body Modifications

Rotting flesh, burning skin, chopping toes, cutting tails, and slicing ears are all forms of body modifications performed on those without a voice. Animals of all kinds are subjected to these awful treatments nationally and internationally on a daily basis in animal clinics and households alike. Some argue that these modifications aid owners in identification and allow them to provide their pets with a warm and loving home. Although there is truth to this claim, new research and further developments have formulated better ways to keep animals safe and identified. Therefore, animals should not be subjects to this abuse. Rather, they should be protected against body modifications through the use of federal law as they inflict unnecessary†¦show more content†¦The rationale here is that this could be avoided, and a cat could enjoy a loving and safe home if they simply get declawed. In cattle, this mindset is also seen in a practice known as tail docking. For instance, Dairy off icials say the practice of cutting off cow tails to prevent them from slinging manure is practiced on fewer than 15 percent of the state s 1.5 million dairy cows†(Schwarzenegger Saves Cow Tails). Less than 15% may seem like a small number, this means that 225,000 dairy cows get their tails cut off for â€Å"sanitary reasons† so that they can keep their animals happy rather than being sent to slaughter. These ideals are important to recognize as they express the relationships of the human-animal bond. People do care about their pets, and do want to keep, love, and save them. However, are we always doing the right thing? Many would argue that people do not always know what is best for their animals. Often, the owners of pets act out of self-interest rather than considering how the modification they are doing to their animal will affect it. Although declawing a cat may save the owner s walls, couches, and skin from destruction, it also puts the cat through severe joint and back pain, depression, increased biting behavior, and disfigurement (Associated Press). These serious physiological and psychological side-effects of the modification should be taken more seriously than they are now and better consideredShow MoreRelatedEthical Discrimination On Tattoos1237 Words   |  5 PagesPeople who have tattoos should not be discriminated because it is unethical, a form of self-expression, and art. Garrett Kennedy is a representative for the employers and senior executives in all aspects of employment-related litigation; a complaint that helps deal with situations that involves an employee being treated differently at his or her job. In this case, Kennedy is representing the people who are being discriminated at the workplace because of their body modifications. Kennedy acknowledgesRead MoreGenetic Modification Of Human Beings896 Words   |  4 Pages Some people may argue that the genetic modification of human beings should be allowed for a variety of reasons. Genetically modifying a zygote’s or embryo’s DNA may possibly reduce the risk of the child growing up with a dangerous or even fatal genetic disorder his or her parents may have had the gene(s) for. Others may argue that a child’s parents deserve the right to decide exactly what they want their child to be like. For example, some parents may want their child to be more athletic ratherRead MoreIs Animal Testing Bad or Good? 1196 Words   |  5 Pagesuse. How? Animal testing. Since nearly 500 BC, research and testing on living animals for human purpose has introduced hundreds of new medicinal and cosmetic advances for the human race. While some may see the advantages, others see the concept as just completely inhumane and unnecessary. Why is there such a big divide? The reason, simply, is because of the lack of education on the issue. Being one of the mo st controversial issues in America today, many people believe animal testing should be replacedRead MoreGmo Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesAs Americans, people have the right to be informed. People should be given the facts they need to make an informed choice, to have the right to choose, and to have the right to be heard. The lack of a mandatory labeling law on genetically modified organisms violates all three of those essential rights by not allowing consumers to truly understand what they are consuming. ARead MoreHow Can We Protect Ourselves Against Infectious Disease?1404 Words   |  6 PagesHow Can We Protect Ourselves Against Infectious Disease? An infectious disease is caused by a pathogenic microorganism such as virus, bacteria, protists and fungi. It can spread directly or indirectly from human to human or from human to animal, which is called zoonotic. For infectious diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis B, it is transmitted via breast-feeding, contaminated injections/transfusion and unprotected sex. Diseases like bird flu such as Influenza and SARS, they are transmitted via dropletsRead MoreTransgenic Animals And Its Effects On Human Health Essay2127 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Transgenic animals have been put to use in various fields for the welfare of mankind. They find their use in medicine, agriculture, industry, crop production and animal husbandry etc. Hence transgenic animals, without doubt, is considered to be one of the most important application of biotechnological processes. Some of the various fields in which transgenic animals can be put to use are described below: USE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS IN MEDICINE The use of transgenic animals in medicine is oneRead MoreAnimal Rights and Laws2472 Words   |  10 Pages Animal Rights The world has existed with the presence of both living and non-living matter. Human beings have been accorded the right of protection and preservation of the environment, where the animals belong. In essence, humanity is all about coexisting with animals and plants, together with the other non-living matter. With preference of human beings over animals, and with preference of animals over plants, every category higher than the other, is relinquishing the capacity to dominate andRead MoreShould New Zealand Genetically Modify Crops For Economic Purposes? Essay4171 Words   |  17 PagesBiology Socio-Scientific issues Topic: Genetic Modification Question: Should New Zealand genetically modify crops for economic purposes? Introduction: Genetic modification has been used in New Zealand since the 1970’s. Genetic modification, also known as Genetic Engineering is the act of directly manipulating the characteristics of an organism by modifying its genetic materials (Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) to produce new or improved organisms. In 1996 New Zealand passed the ‘Hazardous SubstancesRead MoreA Brief Note On Genetic Engineering And Medical Fields2002 Words   |  9 Pagescurrent day and now all of this is possible with the help from genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is a historical advance in the science and medical fields that will aid in the cure of diseases and illnesses in humans, transplant of healthy animal organs to humans, and the creation of the perfect baby for every family. A typical American family’s life is busy today; there are many diseases and illnesses that can get passed around from person to person throughout one day, so there are highRead MoreAnimal Testing Saves Lives2225 Words   |  9 PagesAnimal Testing Saves Lives Animals have been used for testing by scientists for many decades. The research that has been gathered from animals has surpassed anything scientists could hope for. So why would such a highly debatable topic arise from such great accomplishments? Scientists use animals to test a theory and then alter their theories based upon the valuable information gathered from each experiment. Animal rights activists believe that animals are used for pointless tests and suffer tremendously

JP Getty Museum Essay Example For Students

JP Getty Museum Essay The museum that I visited was the J. P. Getty. This museum as a whole is incredible. However, the photography exhibit did catch my eye. The first time that I went to the Getty, the Andy Warhol exhibit was up and I had a great dislike for his work. On the other hand, the exhibit by William Eggleston was awesome. His work on color photography was fantastic. One particular picture group in-titled, Memphis was extremely well done. There was a picture of a grill that was on fire, and words cannot describe the picture. The colors that were exhibited from this picture made my eyes fall in love with the work. I gazed at the grill and its flames for the longest time, until my date grabbed me and pointed me to some other works. One thing that intrigued me with this photo is the content and idea. The picture was just a grill the point of view was as if you were standing in front of the grill, the only thing that he did was to find that perfect second to snap the picture. To some people this is just a grill, to others it is a symbolic meaning of lifes ambitions, and it has endless amount of meanings. That is what makes this picture so great, the abyss of thoughts on this one picture leads to a conversation on this one piece and that is what I believe art is all about, if you look at something and there is such significance which leads to a discussion then its purpose was met, and if people just look at something and move on then the picture or piece of art was meaningful only to the artist. Again the second piece that caught my eye is that of Egglestons Grreenwood, Mississippi. This picture may just be a dye transfer print, of a light and the ceiling, but this picture to me just draws my attention. This picture taken from the ground most likely with an up point of view towards the light, has also three white cords bringing the focus in the center of the picture were the light is located. To me the meaning of this picture is the symbolic meaning of ideas, and I would put it up in my office when I grow to keep me thinking of new ideas and to never settle on one thought, but to look at as many angles as possible. Also this picture makes me want to turn the light on by pulling the cord and watch to light glow. Another photographer that I looked at was work done by John Divola. His Zuma series was really, strange. He took the same picture but at different times of the day and each one told a different story. This inspired me and I made an attempt to do this on my final. These pictures of I believe Zuma beach, were very intriguing. I am not to sure about his ideas, but I feel that he is trying to make the viewer part of this picture, and he made me feel as though I was in this room looking out over the ocean and the ruins of this room. It was printed very large almost an 11 by 14, or maybe larger. This allowed I think for the viewer to be a part of this picture. These pictures at the Getty, were fantastic, there were a lot of pictures that I liked and some that I disliked, however the show was great. Egglestons work on color was awesome and words like I said cannot describe his work, I was in ahh for most of the day and could only hope to print this wonderful.

Users of Accounting Information Essay Sample free essay sample

Accounting information helps users to do better fiscal determinations. Users of fiscal information may be both internal and external to the organisation. Internal Users of accounting information are those persons straight involved in pull offing and runing an organisation and users within the company. They include directors. internal hearers. gross revenues staff. budget officers. accountants. officers. managers. and other of import internal determination shapers. Internal users make the strategic and operational determinations for the concern or organisation. The internal function of accounting is to supply information to assist better the efficiency or effectivity of an organisation in presenting merchandises or services to the market place. Accounting information is presented to internal users normally in the signifier of direction histories. budgets. prognosiss and fiscal statements. Internal users or users straight affiliated with the company usage managerial accounting. which i ncludes in-depth studies used to find fiscal strengths every bit good as weak points. These studies aid assistance in the determination devising procedure within the separate sections of a company. For illustration. Human Resource directors have to guarantee the rights of their employee by utilizing pay information along with other informations. On the other manus. a Gross saless Manager may necessitate to reexamine fiscal statements to measure gross revenues people are doing their quota and so on. Internal users of accounting information include the undermentioned: * Management: for analysing the organization’s public presentation and place and taking appropriate steps to better the company consequences. A company’s top leading is the primary users of corporate fiscal statements. Senior executives view accounting studies as strategic tools to measure the economic viability of their concerns. Specifically. senior forces compare past and current informations. placing nonperforming concern units. This comparing is indispensable. as it provides direction information necessary to rectify past errors and pull up equal schemes for long-run operating activities. Understa nding that failure is the female parent of success. section caputs and section heads identify failings in their operations and supply effectual mitigating programs. A company’s balance sheet and statement of net income and loss indicate corporate profitableness and net worth to direction. They besides act as agents of the proprietors. The directors. whether proprietor or hired. on a regular basis face economic determinations – How much supplies will we buy? Do we hold the hard currency? How much did we do last twelvemonth? Did we run into our marks? All those. and many other determinations. require analysis of accounting information. * Employees: for measuring company’s profitableness and its effect on their future wage and occupation security. Employees have an involvement in fiscal statements because they need confidences for occupation keeping. Employees can besides hold an involvement in their company’s stock monetary value. which has a close relationship to the company’s accounting information. Employee stock options may increase or diminish sharply based on the company’s fiscal wellness. Employees need this information to find if they should purchase more or keep their current investing degree. The internal users of fiscal statements include accounting forces. section caputs. corporate hearers. business-unit leaders and top direction. These studies are relevant to each constituency because they provide specific. changing informations. For accounting forces. the overarching aim is to fix and present accurate. complete informations in conformity with norms. Department caputs and section leaders bring fresh eyes to fiscal issues by diging into accounting studies. For internal hearers. accounting studies shed visible radiation on the tools a company uses to follow with regulations. Top direction sifts through fiscal statements to understand the overall state of affairs of the company. every bit good as what it would take to convey it to the following competitory degree. External users are non straight involved in the running of the concern. They include stockholders. loaners. clients. providers. consumer groups. external hearers. authorities bureaus. regulators. attorneies. age nts and the imperativeness. Yet these users can impact and be affected by the organisation. External users rely on accounting information to do better determinations in prosecuting their ends for the organisation. External users are communicated accounting information normally in the signifier of fiscal statements. The intent of fiscal statements is to provide for the demands of such diverse users of accounting information in order to help them in doing sound fiscal determinations. The external users would have limited fiscal information from the mark company. such as all-purpose fiscal statements ; these statements have merely adequate information to inform external users of the company’s economic place. General-purpose statements are in the country of fiscal accounting. which is the type of accounting aimed at providing information to users non straight affiliated with the mark company. External users of accounting information include the undermentioned: * Lenders: loaners have an involvement in both a company’s net income and hard currency flow. These users may hold given loans to the concern. Lenders such as investors. Bankss and other fiscal establishments are interested in such statements for the fact if they were to impart the company money they would necessitate to asses that the company would be able to afford to refund loaned money plus the involvement that would be due. Companies with an inability to refund the loans increase the lender’s hazard. Lenders frequently require several months of fiscal statements for reappraisal before imparting money. Periodic updates are besides necessary to guarantee borrowers still have the ability to refund loans. * Customers: for measuring the fiscal place of its provider which is necessary for a stable beginning of supply in the long term. When there is a long-run engagement or contract between the company and its clients. the clients may be interested in the company’s ability to go on being or its stableness of operations. This demand is besides heightened in instances where the clients depend. for one ground or another. upon the entity. For illustration. a distributer company. the client in this instance. is dependent upon the fabricating company from which it purchases the points it resells. * Suppliers: providers frequently unfastened trade histories with many companies in the concern environment . This allows concerns to pay off purchases over a declared period of clip instead than all at one time. Suppliers prefer to work with financially healthy companies when selling goods. This frequently ensures payment in the hereafter. Suppliers looking for new clients may besides reexamine fiscal statements to happen profitable and stable clients. Suppliers are interested in the company’s ability to pay duties when they become due. They are however particularly interested in the company’s liquidness which its ability to pay short-run duties. * Government: regulating organic structures of the province. particularly the revenue enhancement governments. are interested in an entity’s fiscal information for revenue enhancement and regulative intents. Besides. besides for finding the credibleness of the revenue enhancement returns filed on behalf of the company. Taxs are computed based on the consequences of operations and other revenue enhancement bases. In general. the province would wish to cognize how much the taxpayer is doing to find the revenue enhancement due thereon. Financial statement information or fiscal studies from larger concerns or i ncorporations are frequently sent to the authorities for analysis. The authorities uses the fiscal information presented in the statements and studies to find whether the company is paying the sum of revenue enhancements it needs to run lawfully under the IRS concern demands. The sum of revenue enhancements the concern has paid during that financial period is compared to the figures in the fiscal statements. The authorities so determines whether the information is true. * Investors and stockholders: for analysing the feasibleness of puting in the company. Investors want to do certain they can gain a sensible return on their investing before they commit any fiscal resources to the company. Investors and financial-market participants pore over corporate fiscal statements to guarantee that top executives are pull offing runing activities satisfactorily. In add-on. securities-exchange participants sift through accounting studies to happen the following investing gem. that is. the company with an low-cost stock monetary value and interesting medium-to-long-term growing potency. Investors and stockholders are peculiarly interested in a company’s fiscal information. as they use it to find whether the company would be deserving doing investings in. Investo rs and stockholders analyze the fiscal information to find the company’s overall fiscal strength and to see if the company can do wise disbursement determinations. Some stockholders and investors will compare the company’s one-year study to other companies to find what is most good for them. If one peculiar company is of involvement. some investors will compare older fiscal statement information to see if the concern is increasing its net incomes and income steadily over a longer period of clip. * Regulative Governments: for guaranting that the company’s revelation of accounting information is in conformity with the regulations and ordinances set in order to protect the involvements of the stakeholders who rely on such information in organizing their determinations. Regulators keep a close oculus on companies’ fiscal statements. with a particular focal point on corporate audit studies. By jurisprudence. publically listed corporations must uncover their operating consequences at the terminal of each one-fourth and twelvemonth. Accounting studies must conform to by and large recognized accounting rules and international fisca l coverage criterions. Federal regulators supervising auditing and fiscal coverage procedures include the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and the Federal Reserve Board. At the province degree. companies must stay by regulative guidelines in consequence in their industries. For illustration. a U. S. -based insurance company must adhere to National Association of Insurance Commissioners guidelines. in add-on to other Torahs and ordinances. The external users of accounting studies run the gamut from regulators. the public and rivals to investors. bargainers and portfolio directors. These groups pay heed to corporate fiscal statements to understand how companies in the center of the battalion emulate the tactics of those in front of the battalion. External readers besides use fiscal statement informations to find concerns that are doing money and those that must go out the market or undergo important reform to go on playing in it. Accounting is a really dynamic profession which is invariably accommodating itself to changing demands of its users. Over the past few decennaries. accounting has branched out into different types of accounting to provide for the different demands of the users.

The Unforgettable April Fools Day Essays - Animation, Angry Kid

Diana Meares Elizabeth Mckinley Fall11-eng-111-81 September 2, 2011 The Unforgettable April Fool?s Day Life is packed with some really amazing and unforgettable events. This event that I am going to relate to you is one fantastic happening, which I?ll never forget. It was a beautiful spring morning in Greenfield Lake Park, in the year of 1972. The ancient cypress trees around the lake were awesome, and the smell of Azaleas permeated my nostrils. The lake was gorgeous, shimmering in the sunlight. It was one of those really special family outings. My Mom, Dad, two sisters and I were there for a great time in the park. We had been looking forward to this trip for such a long time. We were having a fun time looking at all of the animals, and being able to ride the little train. Parked on the edge of the lake were these colorful little paddle boats. I just knew my family would take a trip around the lake in the red and yellow boats. My Mom and Dad were off by themselves enjoying some quality time. My sisters, Robin and Cathie, and I were doing our own things too. We were teenagers and our parents trusted us to be out of their sight and still have fun. Our safety was not a major concern of theirs. Of course, that had a lot to do with the discipline of our parents and the period of time we had been raised in. That period being the late 50?s to the early 70?s, violence didn?t seem as prevalent. I remember the next few moments of the event as if it were just yesterday. We were walking around the cage of the bear. I had seen bears close up while growing up in the mountains, at the Grandfather Mountain Resort. So, I wasn?t nervous at all, as we got closer to the cage. While munching on some sunflower seeds, I had a brilliant idea. ?I could be just like Ellie Mae Clampett,?I thought to myself. I could feed this bear! The bear was very large and brown, sitting quietly in the corner of the cage. The bear didn?t look dangerous at all. I walked around to the top part of the cage, where the bear was a little lower than me, and I was standing at the corner just above the bears? head. Things were going just fine for the first ten or fifteen minutes. I would drop the seeds right above the bear?s mouth and it would open up for a lovely snack. All of a sudden, something terrible happened! The bear decided that it wasn?t getting its food fast enough. It all happened so fast; -it was like a dream--unreal! The very large, brown, now scary bear turned around far enough to reach my hand, opened its humongous mouth and chomped down. I did first thing that came into my mind, ?jerk your hand out?! I can tell you right now, all jokes aside, was not the brightest thing to do. When I jerked my hand out the bears? teeth closed on my fingers at the same time, not a very pleasant feeling. I was in shock by that time, holding my hand, looking at it and saying ?Oh, my Lord, Oh, my Lord?. My sisters Robin and Cathie had ran over by that time, took one look at my fingers, and started screaming for our Mom and Dad. I was really scared. I just could not take my eyes off my fingers; the flesh was all torn back and feeling all tingly. I just could not believe what had just happened. We finally found Mom and Dad and they rushed me to the hospital. On the trip to the hospital, my Dad said, ?Calm down, it?s just a finger?! Right I thought, ?Just a finger, huh One good thing about the whole deal was the finger did not bleed very much. I myself believed the bear ate all of my blood out of my fingers! I just sat in the back seat and cried all the way over to the hospital. I just knew I had seen my finger for the very last time, attached to my hand. The comment my Dad had

The Impact of the Industrial R essays

The Impact of the Industrial R essays The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Labor The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the years after the Civil War had consequences for almost all aspects of society. Discuss the The Industrial Revolution following the Civil War had a tremendous impact on farmers. Many events came together to make agriculture both boom and bust. Cattle ranchers began to see huge profits, small farms joined together, people moved out west, and farmers began to influence At the end of the Civil War, the large state of Texas was home to several million long-horned cattle. Because the animals were scrawny compared to modern times, and because the farmers had no way of getting their cattle to the eastern market, the cows were mostly raised for their hide. However, ranchers would soon be able to get their product The farmers troubles were solved when the transcontinental railroad linked the nation. Cattle could now be transported by train to large stockyards were they would be processed. Beef barons like the swifts and the Armours led the way for the new industry. Beef soon became a major part of our nations economy. The major cities of Chicago and Kansas City were Meccas for the ranchers. From cities like these, the freshly butchered meat could be shipped in the newly perfected refrigerator cars all the way to the eastern market. The cattle were delivered to the slaughterhouses by the long drive. Texas cowboys-black, white, and Mexican- drove tens of thousands of cows to their final destination. On their way to the towns, the animals would graze on the open range eating government grass. Some of the favorite terminal points were towns like Dodge City, Abilene, Ogallala, and Cheyenne. These new towns were all controlled by marshals like Abilenes James B. Wild Bill Hickcock. The Long Drive proved profitable as long as the cattle coul...

Economic of Ocean Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic of Ocean Resources - Assignment Example This thus makes the management and conservation of the international public good vital to both those bordering the water bodies and those who do not, failure to conserve the water bodies effectively has myriad economic ramifications as portrayed in the discussion below. Ineffective management of oceans refers to the lack of effective administrative policies to regulate the use of the international public good thus permitting everyone to use the ocean as they wish. Among the numerous uses of oceans include navigation thus transportation of goods, sports and tourism among many others. While the ocean offers such primary services to the people, they constitute part of the global ecosystems often surviving numerous species of aquatic wildlife (Erwin, Cornelis and Timothy 5). Failing to manage the ecosystem thus permits those who use the resource to pollute the waters while those engaging in fishing to overfish even some of the endangered species in such ecosystems. The consequences of a polluted ocean are dire. These affect every citizen of the globe despite their relationship with such water bodies owing to the production of impure public goods. As a public good, the consumption of the oceans requires the ocean to remain pure and conducive. This implies that the governments that border the water bodies must formulate effective policies that govern the use of the ocean often safeguarding the interests of the natural ecosystems found in the oceans. Among the major factors that pollute the water, include oil spillage and garbage management. The large oil tankers among other vessels that use the ocean must ensure effective and considerate use of the resource in order to curb instances of spilling oil among other types of impurities into the oceans. Additionally, industrial cities situated strategically along the water bodies must manage their wastes effectively in order to curb dumping of industrial refuse into the ocean.  Ã‚  

Science and Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science and Church - Essay Example He confronted authority and tradition by putting these theories before those of religion. Aristotlianism was the frame of the Christian Science and so rejecting Aristotle means rejecting Christianity. Because of this Rome rejected Galileo's theories and sentenced him to life imprisonment according to several reasons. About these several reasons like authorities, arguments from common sense, dubitability of telescope, the political consequences of this age and these reasons' unreality and illogicality will be argued in this essay. The end of the 16th and the 17th centuries were featured by the scientific revolution greatly brought about by Galileo Galilei. He supported Democritos's theories in opposition to those of Aristotle who had argued that everything that existed in nature has a purpose. Democrito maintained that the universe and its organisms are formed by atoms in a continuous and arbitrary movement. His philosophy was thus founded on observation and not on finalism as was that of Aristotle: on how, not on why. This was in direct collision with the church which ideally supported the Aristotle's philosophy. Galileo asserted that he had managed to show the theory of Coperni... He also had the insight of not only using the telescope to see the planets, but also to use lenses to examine the tinny things of this world, and told his students to do so. This in essence brought about political consequences where by the inquisition threatened him with torture, forced him to recant, and subjected him to life imprisonment in 1633. The charge was "suspicion of heresy" and was after the church had taken the position that if a Biblical interpretation was found to be in conflict with scientific fact, the Bible was to be interpreted metaphorically. Bible teachings caused the church to oppose Galileo's proof that the earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun. Galileo argued that the sun was the centre of the universe which totally differed with common sense as well as the scripture. From common sense perspective, there are only three dimensions in space. All matter in the universe evolves in time, just as explained by Newton. Hence, we can say that the universe is mathematically flat which Galileo proved otherwise. Conclusion The disagreement has been presented tremendously in Galileo's favor. To this date, he is seen as the champion of enlightenment against the blind despotic power of the church. Galileo's "mistake," according to this fascinating study, was not one of science or mathematics, philosophy or religion, but one of diplomacy. Works cited Notes provided by the tutor, a paper by Peter E. Hudgson "Galileo the scientist"

Law of Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Law of Property - Essay Example 25). When a mortgager of residential property fails to repay his mortgage, he will find it difficult though not impossible to prevent the mortgage from recovering the property and selling it (Blackstone, 2009 p. 35). Fillipo and Gianni should understand that Mortgage in property law results from two different influences. Its form and origin belong to the law in that the constraints by which it is made to act as security only belong to the courts equity. Therefore, if the mortgagor did not pay on the contractual date, he at one time can forfeit the mortgagee. This can be sued in contract to for money repayment. Accordingly, the legal right to redeem the property is very limited, and that they may end up losing the property to HBSB bank (Clarke & Kohler, 2005 p. 36-7). In this case, Fillipo and Gianni as mortgagees have a right to possess the residential property. By virtue of how legal mortgages are created, the lender is considered as having an estate in the residential land thus he is given an immediate right to possession instantly the ink dries on the mortgage. Notably, the mortgagee may possess the property at any moment even when the mortgage is not in default basing only to the provision contrary in statute or in the mortgage itself (Serkin, 2012 p. 38-9). In the usual course of events, this right will not be exercised by the mortgagee and will be content to permit the mortgagor to continue possessing the property so long as the terms of mortgage are followed and payments are done as agreed. Indeed, the mortgagee could have promised in the contract not to seek possession except if the mortgagor breaches any other obligation or defaults repaying. If this happens, possession may be granted in virtue of the mortgagee’s right not in virtue of a solution to be requested from the court. In this context therefore, mortgaged property can only be taken and sold basing on the procedure of mortgage creation, the rights of the lender, and the rights of the mor tgagor (Vook, 2011 p. 59). Before property is taken and sold Fillipo, Gianni and the HBSB bank should consider the way this mortgage was created. The first step is to involve a mortgage advisor to offer an agreement in principle or approval. This illustrates what the provider will likely be willing to lend basing on specific terms and conditions. Such a step can be helpful when a mortgagor has chosen his mortgage and the property is to be offered. Fillipo and Gianni clearly stated their income and they are a position to service the mortgage (Hill, 2009 p. 61-4). In order to make this mortgage legal, the parties involved in the transaction included a licensed conveyance or a conveyance solicitor who assisted in drawing the contract, making local searches, and carry out other legal paperwork. Some lenders may refer a mortgage to a specified solicitor but a personal recommendation may be a choice. After this, it is important that the property is valuated. The lender will often have the prosperity valued to ensure that it is worth the agreed upon price. If it is not, then it will affect the amount to be lent. It is therefore advisable for a mortgagor to get his own survey done as well or to upgrade the valuation of the lender’s survey into a more detailed one. After mortgage offer, the mortgagor’s solicitor can set a date for contract exchange with the seller’

Disadvantaged Health Status of Indigenous People

Disadvantaged Health Status of Indigenous People Why are indigenous people in Australia still disadvantaged with regard to health and community services? The status of Indigenous health in contemporary Australia is a result of historic factors as well as contemporary socio-economic issues (Hampton Toombs, 2013, p. 1). The deficient health stature of Indigenous Australians is a contemporary consequence of their historical treatment as Australias traditional owners and as of a result of cultural issues that impact on the acceptance of health and community services. This historical treatment and cultural issues has led to Indigenous Australians experiencing social disadvantages, significantly low socio-economic status, dispossession, poverty and powerlessness within contemporary Australian society. Previous to the invasion and colonisation by the British on January 26, 1788, the indigenous people were the carers of Australia and the Torres Strait for a period of over 60,000 years. During this time, it is suggested that Indigenous Australians lived relatively prosperous lives and enjoyed generally better health than most people living in Europe (Hampton Toombs, Indigenous Australian concepts of health and well-being, 2013). Indigenous Australians mortality was greatly affected by the considerable loss of lives caused by the direct conflict with the British and by the arrival of introduced diseases, especially smallpox. The impact of this loss extended far beyond the immediate victims of disease, affecting the very fabric of Indigenous societies through depopulation and social disruption (MacRae, et al., 2012). Traditionally, Indigenous Australians had complete freedom over all parts of their lives such as, ceremonies, spiritual practices, medicine, social relationships, management of land and law and economic affairs (Saggers Gray, 1991). Along with the impacts of introduced diseases and conflict, Indigenous Australians also experienced harmful effects related to disconnection from Country due to the spread of colonists and their subsequent political policies. For an Indigenous Australian, Country is not just physical territory but the central aspect of their identity (Hampton Toombs, Racism, colonisation/colonialism and impacts on indigenous people, 2013). Occupation and colonialism impacted far beyond the physical, as Indigenous Australians had their culture devalued, traditional food sources destroyed, and were separated from their families and in some cases entire communities were expelled. This caused separation or loss of languages, beliefs and social structures which form the fund amental basis of Indigenous cultures. The current condition of Indigenous health has been impacted negatively by the stolen generations and other past government practises and for many Indigenous Australians, the ongoing effects have created other social, emotional and physical disadvantages. These disadvantages are evident through the social determinants of health, including; economic opportunity, physical infrastructure, and social conditions that influence the health of individuals, communities, and societies as a whole. Inequalities in these are especially evident in education, employment, income, housing, access to services, social networks, connection with land, racism, and incarceration rates. In all of these factors, Indigenous Australians experience considerably lower rates than non-Indigenous Australians, with the most disturbing being that Indigenous Australians have a drastically lower life expectancy rate and overall health status, than non-Indigenous Australians. For indigenous people, the rate of chronic disease is still 2.5 times higher than that of other Australians and they die 15 to 20 years younger than those in mainstream Australia (Australian Health Ministers, 2004). More than half of these figures are caused by chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and kidney disease. The majority of these chronic diseases are preventable and while research is continuing to find ways to reduce the risk factors, issues such as smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and promoting healthy eating and active lifestyles are still major challenges in Indigenous communities throughout Australia. Healthy living choices are not easy for people living in remote communities which results in a high incidence of preventable chronic disease. Good nutrition is fundamental to the maintenance of general well-being and the prevention of sickness and disease. It plays an imperative role in pregnancy and early childhood, prevents obesity and type 2 Diabetes and can lower the risk of recurrent heart disease by up to 70%. However, remote communities face many barriers to healthy eating, including isolation, the high cost of food, the variable supply of fresh food, lack of community town infrastructure and inadequate health promotion support, are just a few of these barriers that prevent community people from being able to make healthy living choices All of these inequalities, combined with the social attitudes towards Indigenous Australians and their health in contemporary Australian society, contribute to the difficulties Indigenous Australians have accessing satisfactory healthcare. The provision of adequate healthcare for Indigenous Australians can be difficult as many service providers do not understand how Indigenous Australians view or understand health and many health services are not as user-friendly or culturally appropriate for Indigenous people as they are for non-Indigenous people. This adds to higher levels of disadvantage and a greater hesitance to utilise these services. The traditional Indigenous outlook on health is holistic. It integrates everything significant in a persons life, including land, environment, physical body, community, relationships, and law. Health is the social, emotional, and cultural well being of the whole community and the concept is therefore linked to the sense of being an Indigenous Aust ralian. Specific issues such as reducing the incidence of chronic disease requires a significantly greater effort in coordinating collective strengths, creating and delivering preventative programs and primary health care for Indigenous communities and while great work is being done, more efforts are required to reduce the high incidence of chronic disease on Indigenous people and communities. When designing and developing services to meet the needs of our Indigenous people, close collaboration and consultation with the people for whom the service will be provided is vital. It is important to remember that policies and practises of the past have had major adverse impacts on the health of contemporary Indigenous Australians, and these impacts have contributed significantly to the inequalities present in Indigenous and non-Indigenous health status. However, whilst health disadvantages experienced by Indigenous Australians are considered to be historical in origin, the perpetuation of the disadvantages relies heavily on contemporary structural and social factors. As a result of our history and because of the continuing disadvantage, our people have needs that differ from those of mainstream Australians. Therefore, it is also imperative that we acknowledge and respect the impact of events and issues in Indigenous peoples history when designing and delivering these services.

The Joy Luck Club :: essays research papers

The Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Joy luck club was a book written by Amy Tan. The story is set here in America and in China and is set in the 1940's and also takes place now. The book is about four Asian women who fled china and their Americanized daughters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are eight main characters four of which were mothers and four of which were daughters. They were Suyuan Woo, Ying-yang St. Clair, An-mei Hsu, and Lindo Jong, who were the mothers, and the daughters Jing-mei Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong, Lena St. Clair. In the book it tells the story of each of the mothers and what they went through from the eyes of their daughters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book mostly focuses on Jing-mei Woo, who takes the place of her mother in the Joy Luck Club meetings after the death of her mother. In the meetings with the other mothers she reminisced about her mother and heard new stories about her mother she had never heard before. She hears stories of how it was her mother came to America and what she left behind in China.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book starts off in China with a woman imagining what life in America raising a daughter would be like. Hoping that she would be an American but still have her Chinese heritage. But in the end her daughter turns out to be as Americanized as they come not realizing her Chinese heritage. This makes it so that they don't communicate very well and makes it so they don't know very much about each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book shows that now days the traditions of the older generations are slowly being filtered out by the younger generations. An example in the book is when one of the mothers had her marriage pre-arranged by her parents and a friend of the family and the fact that she accepted the marriage.

Postcolonial Language Debate

The postcolonial language debate about African culture has become a big issue in determining if the African culture is actually being taught to younger generations. Some African writers believe that the culture of the African people is disappearing because all of the history books and novels written about African history and culture are in the English language. Other African scholars believe that they can finally break free from the postcolonial era by using English as a weapon. Chinue Achebe and Ngugi Wa Thiongo are great examples of African writers who take different sides about the English language and the postcolonial writings of African culture. Ngugi is a firm believer that the English language is not how African culture should be viewed by outside countries and that the only way to know about African culture is to have it in its native language. He refuses to write any of his books in English and wants people to learn the native language because that is the only way African culture can really be learned. Language is very powerful and Ngugi believes was a way the English got rid of African culture. â€Å"By removing their native language from their education they are separated from their history which is replaced by European history in European languages â€Å". Ngugi can recall growing up that he learned his culture and heritage through oral story telling by elders and the children would retell the stories to others. By being forced to learn English and being punished for acting or speaking in their native way, language was used as spiritual subjugation. Language carries culture and culture carries the entire body of values by which we perceive ourselves and our place in the world†. If this is true how can the African culture be expressed in a different language? Chinue Achebe took a different approach to the English language and the postcolonial language debate. He chose to learn the English language as a way to â€Å"infultrate the ranks of the enemy and destroying him fro m within†. He feels there is no point in fighting a language but by using the language forced upon him he can show others how culture really is in different African cultures. Using abrogation, meant to change the English language to suit their needs, because people accept different forms of English. There are many different villages and languages in Africa, an example he gives is his people the Igbo who have many different dialects about different things. He states that the standardized Igbo is due to Christian missionaries desire to translate the bible into indigenous tongues. Therefore he does not believe there is one Igbo language that all Igbo can understand so he refuses to write translate his book about the Igbo culture and people in its native language, but has translated it to over thirty different languages. By having thirty different languages able to read about the Igbo Achebe believes the African culture can be spread and shared with the world around it. The language debate in Africa has become a problem because people do not know whether or not they are learning the African culture or reading the African experience. Both Ngugi and Achebe present different ways the African people can begin to identify themselves and regain their culture that was taken from them by the colonizing European nations. Both stand at different ends of the spectrum by either using the English language as a way to inform others of the real African culture, or refuse to write in English so the reader is forced to learn the native language, because that is the only way to really understand and see the way African culture is.

The Hunter gatherer era essays

The Hunter gatherer era essays The Stone Age was a time early in the development of human cultures before the use of metals when tools and weapons were made of stone, and human food was mainly produced from hunting and gathering. The dates of the Stone Age vary considerably for different parts of the world and even until very recently there were some cultures that lived in much the same way as the hunter-gatherers of thousands of years ago. In the Stone Age, the hunting and gathering of food was the norm. The males of this time specialized in hunting - usually with stone-tipped weapons, while the females gathered items. Incidental tools were the first tools to be used. These tools were stones, sticks and other such items that the early humans found just lying about. Next came dawn stones the first stone tools to be fashioned. These were usually crudely chipped pebbles or flaked stone implements that were used for many purposes, but dawn stones also included the stone and anvil which was used for breaking bones open to get to the marrow deep inside. Over time, a wide variety of tools were made for many purposes. By about 100,000 years ago, humans already had several types of stone tools and were using bone and wood implements as well. As time went by, these modern humans (Homo sapiens) made such specialized tools as bone needles, bone fishhooks, nets, hand axes, choppers, scrapers, backed knives, burins, points, spears, and wooden bows Needles were used to sew animal skins together for clothing using sinews as the thread. Fishhooks and nets were used to catch fish. Hand-axes could be used for cutting meat, scraping skins, chopping wood, digging holes, and hammering bone or wood. Choppers were used for smashing bones open to obtain marrow, hacking wood, softening meat, and possibly as a primitive hammer. Scrapers were deployed for dressing hides and possibly obtaining meat from bones. ...

260 Week 4 Assignment Essay Example

Acc/260 Week 4 Assignment Essay Example Acc/260 Week 4 Assignment Essay Acc/260 Week 4 Assignment Essay Assignment: Critiquing Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making When it comes to making ethical decisions there are many different approaches to reach a decision. There is an ethical decision making (EDM) framework which incorporates traditional requirements for profitability and legality, as well as requirements shown to be philosophically important to stakeholders. The EDM framework asses the ethicality of a decision or action by examining the consequences or well-offness created in terms of net benefit or cost, rights and duties affected, fairness involved, and the motivation or virtues expected. Within the EDM framework there are three major philosophies used when making ethical decisions for a business. Being able to utilize all three of the EDM philosophies is massively important in order to make the right decision not only for the business but the stakeholders and yourself as well. The first philosophical approach is consequentialism. The consequentialism approach determines whether a decision or act is ethical depending upon its consequences. Brooks  (2007)  stated,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The consequentialist approach requires students to analyze a decision in terms of the harms and benefits to multiple stakeholders and to arrive at a decision that produces the greatest good for the greatest number. † (Significant Ethics Issues Facing Business and the Accounting Profession). In essence act or decision is ethical if its favorable consequences outweigh its negative consequences. The next philosophical approach is deontology. The deontology approach focuses on the obligations or duties motivating a decision or action rather than the consequences of the action. Brooks  (2007)  stated,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A deontological approach raises issues related to duties, rights, and justice considerations and teaches students to use moral standards, principles, and rules as a guide to making the best ethical decision. † (Significant Ethics Issues Facing Business and the Accounting Profession). With the deontology approach, when making a decision about what would be the right decision one needs to weigh out what action would be good for all of society to do where the act improves the well being of the decision maker and society as well. In essence if the conclusion of a decision is not one that all of society could make then it is said to not be a moral or ethical one. The third and final philosophical approach is one of virtue. The virtue approach is concerned with the motivating aspects of moral character demonstrated by decision makers. The virtue approach focuses on whether the decision maker will be able to make the decision knowing it is the right one rather than having a guilty conscience about their decision. Brooks  (2007)  stated,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Virtue ethics focuses on the character or integrity of the moral actor and looks to moral communities, such as professional communities, to help identify ethical issues and guide ethical action. † (Significant Ethics Issues Facing Business and the Accounting Profession). A decision maker can make a virtuous decision but for the wrong reason as well which results in the inspection of why the virtuous decision was made. A decision is truly virtuous if the decision maker is making the decision not to gain a greedy end result but because it is the right thing to do to improve society and or to discharge a duty to another person or organization. In a scenario where a mayor has to make a choice between a new building proposal for a mall that will boost the local economy massively or not building it because the location for the building is where the only nursing home and senior citizens’ recreation center is located effected 130 people what is the right decision to make? When using the consequentialism philosophy the correct decision would be to demolish the nursing home and senior citizens’ recreation center and build the mall. The reasoning behind the decision is that more people would benefit from building the mall than would not benefit from building the mall making it the logical and ethical thing to do. When using the deontology approach the decision could go either way. The reason why the mayor would decide not to build the new mall would be because he or she has a duty to protect the quality of life for individual citizens and it would be morally wrong to force senior citizens out of their homes with nowhere to go. When using the virtue ethics approach the decision would be to reject the building proposal. The reasoning behind the decision is that the mayor should have a virtuous character recognizing that forcing senior citizens out of their homes with nowhere to go is immoral. The right decision to make would be to reject the building plan. The approaches used to get to this decision are deontology and virtue ethics. The mayor needs to recognize that by building the mall senior citizens will be affected in a negative way but if the mall is not built then will be affected negatively other than the economy will not get a boost. There will be other opportunities to boost the economy and possibly one that will not have any negative effects. In a scenario where a worker is the only employee left to not hit her sales goals with three sales to go. If she hits her sales goals the entire branch will have hit them. If the entire branch hits their sales goals they will all get new equipment, vacation packages, and larger bonuses on top of their individual bonuses. She faced with making the decision of reporting three false sales to meet the goal and in turn help everyone. When using the consequentialsim approach the correct decision would be to report the three false sales. The reason that decision would be made is because it would benefit the entire branch whereas by not reporting the sales it benefits nobody. When using the deontology approach the decision would be to not report the sales. The reason that decision is made is because it would be dishonest and immoral to report false sales for personal benefit. When using the virtue ethics approach she will not report the sales. The reason this decision is made is because she needs to have a virtuous character by being honest. Out of all of the decisions made the right one is to not report the sales. The deontology and virtue ethics approaches were used to determine this. The action itself would be considered immoral by society’s standards and she would not be demonstrating virtuous character by being dishonest. In a scenario where four guys are living together and one of them walks in on another one of them in what appears to be a drug deal. The one guy has a decision to make about whether to turn him in to the authorities or to keep quiet and not make a big deal out of it. When using the consequentialism approach the decision would be to turn in the roommate. The reason the decision would be made that way is because it would benefit his other roommates and himself where if he did not turn him in the only people it would benefit would be the two involved in the drug deal. When using the deontology approach the decision would be to turn in the roommate. The reason for this decision is because it is the decision maker’s moral obligation to report the illegal activities. By not reporting the illegal activities the decision maker would be putting everybody else in danger as well. When using the virtue ethics approach the decision would be to turn in the roommate. The reason for this decision is because it would not be considered an act of virtuous character if he did not report the illegal activities. It would also be putting his other roommates in danger as well. The correct decision to be made in this scenario is to turn in the roommate. All of the different approaches lead to the same decision of turning him in therefore it has to be the most ethical decision. References Brooks, L. J. (2007). Business Professional Ethics for Directors, Executives, Accountants (4th ed. ). Mason, OH: Thomson Southwestern

Marketing Mix of Louis Vuitton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Mix of Louis Vuitton - Assignment Example The service period which he spent with the emperor introduced him to the styles of elite and the royal clientele who enjoyed his services even after his death. The Louis Vuitton Malletier (LVM) was established in 1854 in Paris, which is now considered the world-renowned lifestyle brand dealing in luxury leather (Louis Vuitton, 2013). The success story of the brand clearly reflects that it was not a coincidence rather Louis Vuitton achieved this peak position in the business world through the use of perfect marketing strategies (Peter Finocchiaro, 2010). LVM has always been very creative in introducing new products, since the start it has been catering to the needs the customers with the supreme quality services. LVM has been successfully using the marketing mix which led the company to acquire the second place in the Luxury Marketer Awards of 2010. The brand has utilized the multichannel strategies which have bridged the gap between history and status of French Fashion (Peter Finocch iaro, 2010) as per the BBC News LVM has increased its sales in the first three months of 2011 by 17%. Researchers have given the credit of successful operations of LVM to its Marketing Mix (Catarina Duque, 2012). After the selection of the target market the prime concern of the management is to set the principles for marketing mix which is a combination of product strategies, pricing strategies, placing strategies and promotion strategies. These all are formulated on the basis of the preferences of target market.

Social life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social life - Research Paper Example Around 30 or 40 years before, most of the women satisfied with their homely assignments of looking after the children and the family matters. But the development of science and technology and the changing life styles encouraged the women to think in terms of finding an employment for gaining more financial freedom. Earlier, women relied heavily on men for their personal expenses and in many cases they were forced to suppress their needs because of the difficulties in getting money from the men. The over dominance of men in family, social and professional matters forced the women to change their attitudes towards employment and many of them started to come out from the kitchen to join the companies as employees to get more professional and financial freedom. This paper analyses the Economic incentives which have motivated women to continue to participate in the Labour Market. In many countries, the rapid economic growth was due largely to important growth in the manufacturing and services sectors, where substantial and proportionally larger increase of female workers has been registered† (WOMENS PARTICIPATION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, p.1). Traditionally, women were forced to confine their activities within the boundaries of the kitchen or family as the men dominate the women community. Women enjoyed less freedom in financial matters since the men were the ones who earned money for meeting the family expenses. Even though, the women community worked hard in the kitchen or in the home, their jobs were marked as the nonproductive ones and they earned no financial rewards for their hard work. On the other hand, men earned money for their hard work and hence they normally spent the money in their own ways neglecting the needs of the women. For example, men spent lot of money for smoking, drinking etc like enjoyment purposes whereas the women were depriv ed of such enjoyments because of the lack of financial rewards they were getting for their hard work. In

Geography Gendered feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geography Gendered feminism - Essay Example Such inner yearnings cause even death of them. (Barbara de Angelis, 1994, pp197). Geologically land is termed feminine. Through time and space, femininity is not given its due recognition. Masochism is construed as a quality of femininity where as the same attitude in men are considered as cowardice or slavery. Millions of clerks of both sexes throughout the world are almost having masochistic attitude only. Painting masochism as the quality of women has added burden to them, leading to a sort of 'gender exploitation' of women. These developments do not have any territorial difference on the earth. However shades of differences in this type of gender exploitation prevails in various manifestations in various lands. In countries like India, there are still many regions where common women cannot occupy an equal status in public places. On boarding a public bus a lady cannot occupy her seat next to a man and nor a man is permitted to sit near a woman. This practice is very slowly fading. People of metro cities are a bit bold enough to break this customary. But small towns and villages are still viewing the scene utterly awkward. In many places the booking counters are provided with separate structural arrangements for eves. The pathetic plight of school going girls, especially those in the verge if puberty who suffer a lot for want of toilets in Ethiopia is a challenge for feministic researchers. The economic and social barriers there are very strong enough to yield to such feministic ideologies. FLUIDITY OF GENDER IDENTITY In fixing identities, unlike other entities like race, color, class and religion, gender occupies a fluid condition. This fluidity in the fixing of gender identity is manipulated in several societies. Thus, geographers find it a bit tricky to fix the gender identity. Wife battering prevails in all countries irrespective of their development and civilization. But the batterer always takes advantage only of the gender. It is the feministic approach that posed question whether such superiority over femininity is natural. To derive an answer to this question, one has to analyze the age-old custom of patriarchy in almost all societies of the world. Geographers all over the world find a healthy tone in such analysis, which tries to evaluate and judge the patriarchy from the viewpoint of both the genders. Eradication or trial to eradicate patriarchy is not a solution. Feminism thus paves way to identify and locate the importance and entitlement of femininity. Feminism in many countries takes its own speed depending upon the cultural and socialistic environments of the nations. Developed countries are fast in this approach. The high speed has led to emergence of gay movement and lesbianism as byproducts. The sex-based lesbianism and gay movements give a picture that male domination or male chauvinism can be countered to some extent. Whether this is true or not is yet to be cleared. Even elite group of societies is not clear in the ideologies of lesbianism and gay movement to such an extent that they can pressurize some political group and governments to legally permit such practices. Homosexuals find it nice to enter into 'civil partnership', which has now been legally permitted in England. Great Britain, which criminalized carnal intercourse during 1860 in one of its colonial regiment, as an act against the order of nature, now permits her gays to get

UV-vis works Essay Example for Free

UV-vis works Essay Even though I accidentally spilled most of my product while pouring it into the separatory funnel, the product left was identical to everyone elses by comparison of the UV-vis spectrum.  Discussion  One possible source of error in this experiment occurred when I spilled the product. Although a small amount of it remained in the beaker, I decided to pipet the  spilled product off the desk to save as much as I could in order to complete the experiment. At first I thought this might cause my product to be somewhat impure, but after looking at the UV-vis spectra, it was obvious this had no effect on the outcome. My spectrum looked perfectly fine. Conclusion UV-vis can be very helpful in finding out how pure your product is and what the components are by looking where the absorption bands are and the extent to which the components were absorbed. UV-vis works by electrons moving from the ground state to a higher excited state. The types of transitions possible are. The sigma to sigma star transitions take place at 200-700 nm and are usually not seen in UV-vis spectrum. N to sigma star transitions require less energy than sigma to sigma star transitions and occur at 150-250 nm. The last type of transitions occur between 200 and 700 nm and are the type which occur in the Cu(TTP) spectrum. Peaks that are shifted to shorter wavelengths caused by transitions are named blue shifts. The peaks that are shown in our Cu(TTP) spectrum are caused by transitions and are classified as red shifts. This is caused by attractive polarisation forces between the solvent and the absorber, which lower the energy levels of both the excited and unexcited states. This effect is greater for the excited state, and so the energy difference between the excited and unexcited states is slightly reduced resulting in a small red shift. This effect also influences   transitions but is overshadowed by the blue shift resulting from solvation of lone pairs (UV-vis Absorption http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/uvvisab1.htm) Questions and Answers 1. Why does Cu(TTP) elute before H2TTP? The copper would elute first. The reason for this is because of the acidity of the hydrogen atoms. Since the hydrogens are acidic, they want to hold onto the silica gel, which will cause them to elute after a longer time period.  2. The rates at which compounds elute from a silica gel column depend on any pretreatment of the silica gel. In which case would a compound elute faster: down a column made of silica gel that had been previously heated at 150 degrees Celsius under vacuum for 8 hours, or down a column made of silica gel that had been sitting open in the laboratory for a few days? Explain. When you heat silica gel, water evaporates off the gel leaving open sites where polar molecules can bond. When you let silica gel out in the open, it will collect water molecules on it. Compounds would elute faster down a column that has been heated at 150 degrees for 8 hours because the gel would be dry.  3. A mixture of cis and trans isomers of the neutral complex Cr(CO)4[P(C6H5]2 is loaded onto a silica gel and eluted with CHCl3. Which isomer would elute first, and why? The trans isomer would elute first. References Skoog Douglas; Holler F. James; Nieman Timothy A., Principles of Instrumental Analysis, fifth edition, Thompson Learning: 1998.  Quinn 6  UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy-Theory. http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/uvvisab1.htm.

Excessive Pride in Young Goodman Brown :: Nathaniel Hawthorne, YGB

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory.   Hawthorne’s moral story is told through the perversion of a religious leader, Goodman Brown. Goodman is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil. The result is that Goodman lives the rest of his life in exile within his own community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Young Goodman Brown" begins when Faith, Brown's wife, asks him not to go on an "errand".   Goodman Brown says to his "love and (my) Faith" that "this one night I must tarry away from thee."   When he says his "love" and his "Faith", he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his "faith" to God.   He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife.   He resolves that he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven."   This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because "Faith kept me back awhile."  Ã‚   This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Devil had with him a staff that "bore the likeness of a great black snake".   The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve.   The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge.   The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge.   Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise.   The Devil's staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devil's ceremony which destroys Goodman Brown's faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia.

Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report

This Value Management and Value Engineering (VM/VE) Study Report summarizes the benefits of various proposals for a strategic level Value Management process followed by Value Engineering Study in order to obtain a better Value for Money (VFM) for any projects. This report is prepared specially for our Client M/s. SBEinnovations Ltd for the construction of the Mixed-Use Recreation and Commercial Centre Project. Value Management and Value Engineering is a technique on any projects that can be delivered in the most economical way. Normally, Value Management processes are carried out before Value Engineering Study to determine how it can add value to the Client business by a delivery of a project which is carried out during the initial Client brief of a project. It is an integral part of any projects. Whereas Value Engineering is a technical study on a selected design for its technical viability and cost studies which is carried out during detailed design stage. United Project Management (UPM) believes that VM and VE have the greatest influence and impact at the strategy and design stage respectively. It requires reliable and appropriate cost data, design information, ideas, past experience and uses brain-storming workshops by our team of experts under the direction of the Project Manager. Value Management is a continuous process from inception to completion. The purpose of conducting the Value Management workshop is to set up an effective partnership agreement which should seek to achieve the scope and benefits of the project with respect of time, cost and quality. The benefits of Value Management contribute towards this project especially since the project is still in its early stages. Some of the concepts through which SBEinnovations Ltd can obtain value for money (VFM) are mentioned below; 1. Reduced Learning Curve 2. Improved communications and decision procedures 3. Improved quality and programming This report also includes a recommendation on Value Engineering Study conducted before the completed design stage and construction activities. Issues targeted during VE study include: 1. Design Optimization 2. Selection of Procurement Route 3. Cost, Quality and Time 4. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study 5. Stakeholders Coordination 1. Introduction This report explains how Value Management and Value Engineering studies can contribute value to the Client before commencement of a project. The report summarises the key principles of Value Management and Value Engineering in the context of construction project of mixed-use recreation and commercial centre for SBEInnovations Ltd. This report is prepared for SBEinnovations Ltd on their request for proposals for a strategic level Value Management and Value Engineering studies. The aim of Value Management Study is to assess the project requirement in terms of functionally and efficiency of achieving the requirements. Prime consideration needs to be given to the importance of Time, Cost, Quality, Safety and Client's satisfaction. The specific issues to be evaluated at the VM Study are divided into two categories. 1. Strategic Issues (which will be considered in Value Management) 2. Tactical Issues (which will be considered in Value Engineering) 3.1 Strategic Issues 1. The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Project Drivers 2. Project Type 3. Size and Location 4. Procurement 5. Initial Cost Estimate 6. Esteem 7. Politics 8. Organisational Management 9. Change Management 3.2 Tactical Issues The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Design 2. Structure of the Project Organisation 3. Detail of accessibility and planning procedure 4. Time and Quality: 5. Outline Specification 6. Coordination 2. Value Management Study This is the first process where carefully selected team members from various parties get together to discuss various aims, objectives, constraints and risk associated with the Project in order to formulate Client objective of the need of such project. Value management usually incorporates a series of workshops, interviews and reviews involving diversified teams members through whom the project requirements are evaluated against the means and methods of achieving them. VM process will be dependent on the procurement route selected for the project. VM and VE Studies are very important for successful delivery of any project. Failure to carry out these studies will cause problems at subsequent design and construction stages causing cost overruns, project delays, claims etc. Value Management can help to avoid or minimize these problems. At the outset of a project, Value Management provides an exceptionally powerful way of exploring the client’s needs in-depth by addressing inconsistencies and expressing these in a language that all parties, whether technically informed or new to the construction industry, can understand. The Value Management process works top-down, starting with needs and strategic goals and focusing on root causes, not symptoms. An early consensus is developed between the key stakeholders about the need for the project or service, the scope, deliverables, key functions and risks, in the context of the wider business objectives. Opportunities for innovation are explored and the most cost effective means of implementation developed, consistent with desired time and quality requirements. VM considers the whole project rather than components and the process are underpinned by consensus. A typical Value Management Study has the following characteristics: 1. A systematic, staged approach 2. Clear definition of objectives and scope at the outset – focus on the customer requirements 3. Consideration of the organizational environment – internal and external influences 4. Multi-disciplinary team effort – positive human dynamics 5. Function Analysis System Technique 6. A workshop format with a structured job plan that separates creativity from evaluation and development. 7. Effective use of methods and tools – independent facilitation 2.1 Early Application of Value Management and its benefits The design is still at the very early stage. The Client has not yet committed with any design teams for project design. The client aims to innovate with creativity and to enhance the health, wellbeing and quality of life of its citizens. It is very important to get a feedback of its citizens of the Client intentions for such a project, because the clients’ and the citizens’ aim and objectives are totally different and conflicting ones. Therefore it is recommended that Value Management study at such early stage is carried out involving the all parties who have interest on the projects so that later in the projects the problems and risk will be minimized to a greater extent. As such the following benefits can be expected by applying Value Management to this specific project. 1. It defines what both the client and the citizens of the local area mean by value, and provide the basis for making decisions, throughout the project, on the basis of value. It provides a means for optimising the balance between private developer and public sector local authority having different aims and objectives out of the project. 1. It provides the basis for clear briefs that reflect the client’s priorities and expectations, expressed in a language that all can understand. This improves communication between both stakeholders so that each of them can understand and respect other’s constraints and requirements. 1. It ensures that the project is the most cost-effective way of delivering the business benefits and provides a basis for refining the business case. It addresses both the monetary and the non-monetary benefits. 1. It supports good design through improved communications, mutual learning and enhanced team-working, leading to better technical solutions with enhanced performance and quality, where it matters. 1. It provides a way of measuring value, taking into account nonmonetary benefits and demonstrating that value for money has been achieved. Project Objectives: In a construction project objectives shall be clearly defined. In clearly defining the project objectives value management plays a vital role and it is the starting point of value management in a project. Client Function, Activities and Stakeholders: Value management plays crucial role in ascertaining the client functions, requirements, stakeholder needs, briefing, gathering information pertaining to the project. Project Size and Location: In deciding the project size and location both value management and value engineering will be applied as value management will focus on the location, political situation, environment and others will focus, whereas value engineering will focus on the type of foundation to be used is suitable for the soil conditions, floor area index on the area and other design issues. Budget: It is a crucial in a construction project and the main purpose of the value management is to gain the maximum value for the money and for that budget is important and also careful budgeting is crucial for the success of the project, here value management will be applied. Procurement Option: In deciding the contract for the project the best procurement option is to be chosen, it depends on the scope of the project, requirements, budget and other external factors. To choose the best procurement option value management and value engineering both plays a vita role. Design and built option value management plays a vital role, value engineer plays a vital role in other types of procurement options as designs are being verified in this option. Design Change and Variation: happens during the course of the project, value engineering plays a lead role. In the design changes and variations as the changes will have an impact on the original design to be checked? The proposed changes can be accommodated or not also to be checked, also the cost impact, constructability and other design related parameters to be verified. Organization Structure: Many discrepancies arise due to unorganized organization structure, due to that construction and project gets delayed. Value management is employed, during the initial stages itself giving the requirements for organization and key personnel and appropriate accounting provision will be given in the costing. All the above will be applied in value management. Quality Control, Health, Safety and Environmental Issues: are crucial in project success, here both value management and engineering will be applied as quality cannot be compromised and design team will clearly indicate the minimum quality requirements and also HSE issues cannot be compromised it is a combination of both the above. The following graph illustrates the potential cost savings possible against time when VM is applied in a project. It is clear the when VM is applied at the early stage of a project, the saving will be far less to adopt the changes proposed by the Value Management since the design is yet not commenced and hence it is easy to incorporate any kind of design change proposal due to VM process. Fig 1: Cost Impact of Making Changes Over Time 2.2 Development of Value Management within project scenario: UPM suggests the budget should be equally divided among the different elements of the project. Some suggestions provided by UPM are: 1. Sports Centre Proper design management should be applied for the construction of Seating/Scoring or/and Spectator Seating arrangements. 2. Culture recreational centre Public community should be comfortable with different recreational centres. Their satisfaction is the primary goal to be achieved. 3. Hotels Lighting is a large cost item. The impact it has on energy and guest experience influence to a great extent the operation and spacing cost. 4. Shopping malls Primary objective here is to obtain maximum customer satisfaction keeping returns in mind. Quality should be maintained throughout the lifecycle of the project. 5. Parking space The financial cost for parking space depends on three factors: Total number of parking space required, ‘opportunity cost’ of parking land and cost per parking land available. Careful planning and brainstorming helps to obtain maximum value for land. 6. Food court Proper economical and environmental friendly techniques could be arranged for waste disposal. 7. Cinema Multiplex Natural Ventilation could be installed thereby reducing the cost and power consumption. Value Management Team Selection and Value Management Workshop VM is undertaken as a series stakeholder workshops held at key stages during the development of the project. Value Management Team forms an important aspect in decision making process. It is a flexible, team-based activity, planned and directed by an independent VM facilitator and driven by consensus. Team selection for the Value Management workshop is very critical to success to ensure that the full range of influences are properly addressed by people with the right balance of knowledge, skills, experience and judgment. Where particular stakeholders are not able to take part, or it is not politic to involve them, specific team members should be tasked as champions of those stakeholder interests. As such, the team should include the following participants: 1. Project Sponsor The Project Sponsor is responsible for endorsement of the study objectives. They are responsible for monitoring outcomes, action plans, client’s vision, timeframe, values and constraints. 2. Value Management Coordinator Usually, a client representative may designate this post. Before the workshop is developed, a number of activities need to be decided upon: 1. Developing brief for Facilitator 2. Identifying the Scope of Work 3. Engaging the Facilitator 4. Organizing the schedule for the workshop 5. Date and Venue confirmation 6. Arrangement of objectives of study 7. Selection and invitation of participants 8. Preparation of agenda These roles and the corresponding tasks may vary depending on nature of Value Management topic, the organizations involved and the scale to which Value Management activities undertaken by the parties. 3. Value Management Facilitator He initiates their evaluation at the beginning of the pre-workshop process, helping the client towards clearly defining the aim, assumptions and viewpoints of each stakeholder. The facilitator should specialise in assisting the process by providing support and advice to the sponsor. During Pre-workshop stage, the facilitator focus should be more towards process than content. The facilitator manages time, determines appropriate progress, manages the group, promotes collaboration within the group, and seeks agreement or a method of understanding between teammates at key stages. However, the facilitator should maintain client confidentiality and ensure every member contributes equally to the achievement of value. 4. Project Manager The Project Manager should be included within the workshop because he/she acts as a reference and as a team catalyst for continued action. 5. Stakeholders They should be included in the team as they give a clear cut idea about the objectives, needs and constraints. 6. Technical Experts SBEinnovations Ltd. members who have specialist skills in a particular area are to attend the workshop. Their responsibilities include providing advice and suggestions in the specialist area for which they are invited. 7. Relevant compliance agency Value Management briefing papers should be forwarded to relevant compliance agencies so that they can be affirmed that the steps followed are as per ‘Practice Guidance’. Though, it is not compulsory that their presence should be essential at the workshop. Value Management Workshop and Agenda Following are the three components of a VM Workshop: 1. Job Plan 2. Functions and Functionality 3. Multi-Disciplinary Team The VM Job plan of the workshop will have the following 5 phases 1. Information Phase 2. Creativity Phase 3. Evaluation Phase 4. Development Phase 5. Presentation and Reporting Phase All of the above phases will be covered in 3 weeks workshop as described below. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN VM STUDY There are number of tools and techniques which can be used in VM study. However, the following are recommended by UPM. 1. Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) Diagram: It is a graphical representation of logical relationship of functions that need to be performed and how they are linked together into HOW-WHY logical connections to deliver the project. HOW and WHY questions are asked to develop the logic of a function. While defining any function, we ask HOW that particular function can contribute towards developing a more standardized and specific approach. This method of questioning and thinking is referred and summarized from left to right. To solve the problem to a higher level, we ask WHY that particular function is performed. This process of logic is read from right to left. 1. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is a financial tool used to identify risks that can potentially affect the project. The analysis looks at the costs involved, time constraints and other variables that may negatively affect the outcome. As a tool, risk analysis helps managers make decisions and find alternatives. 1. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym that stands for â€Å"strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats,† which is precisely what the SWOT analysis aims to identify. The SWOT helps management see the company's strengths and weaknesses on paper as well as the potential opportunities and threats looming in the industry. Management can then find ways to maximize the company's strengths in order to capitalize on opportunities while minimizing potential threats and weaknesses. 6. VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY Value Engineering is a subset of Value Management. Once the Client is decided on the project, then before the detailed design will commence, the Value Engineering study will be carried out. 6.1 Recommended timing for VALUE ENGINEERING study: In order to expect the greatest return from this project, SBEinnovations Ltd. is suggested to include value engineering exercise during the early design stage and before 60% of the design commitment is reached. Value Engineering workshop should be carried out during the schematic design stage and the detailed design stage. If the Value Engineering occurs later it probably will be seen as a cost cutting exercise but it will be undertaken under a hostile climate that will prevent SBEinnovations from achieving the desired requirements and objectives of  £9M. 6.2 Recommended VE Team The number of participants should be a minimum of five and a maximum of ten. Although more members could participate, we recommend that a larger group may cause difficulties in one-to-one communication. Participants should involve: 1. Project Managers from SBEinnovations Ltd.: These Project Managers help to define the procurement routes and contract administration in the most effective way by putting to use their skills earned by experience. 2. Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Structural Engineers: While conducting brainstorm sections, Comments and views from Engineers, Architects and Quantity Surveyors are valid for active participation. 3. Value Engineering Facilitator: The facilitator should be someone apart from the project manager, the chief design engineer, or the client. The VE facilitator will guide the discussion to confirm and approve, but not to criticize the project approaches and details. 6.3 Value Engineering Workshops VE workshops are concerned with the detailed technical appraisal of alternative solutions proposed by the project team to meet the client’s requirements. Duration for VE workshop will be normally longer than that of VM Workshop. One of the following approaches could be used by SBEinnovations Ltd towards achieving a successful Workshop session: 1. Mini Workshops: A value engineer should join the design team at the briefing stage and be promoted as the facilitator throughout the project. Two mini-workshops should be organized following the job plan format and then reviewed at about 20% and 40% design completion. 2. The two-day workshop: All members of the team focus on issues in an intense and focused way. 6.4 Elements of the Scheme for VE study: Design Optimization As long as the bid documents and the process to detail design are open enough to allow for adjustment of the design, then a buildable design will rise. Design ideas for mixed use commercial and recreational centre should be developed during Value Engineering workshops keeping in mind the constructability and purpose for which it serves. This should include health, safety and security of the local community. Procurement Route The suitable Procurement route should be studied identified and applied by SBEinnovations Ltd. taking into consideration the pros and cons of that particular procurement route and its benefits to the client and the employer. Quality, Time and Cost Maximum return can only be achieved through proper quality, time and cost management. Value Engineering study team should be keen to attain maximum Value for Money (VFM) by proper planning and scheduling of works to ensure cost lies within  £ 9M within the stipulated time frame. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study OBS review would be done during the VE workshop which helps to identify roles and responsibilities. Stakeholders Coordination Coordination should be justified during VE studies so as to dissolve any interference between Stakeholders. Part 2 – Risk Management Essay Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects Introduction All large projects face risks. Project risk is an activity, event or action which tends to cause a negative impact on the planned goals of project scope, quality, performance, execution time or cost. Inevitably, risks and uncertainties are substantially inherent in infrastructure projects. Problematically, many infrastructure projects could not have achieved project goals satisfactorily. Therefore, it is very important for the identification and treatment of these project risks. Project risks always contribute to the poor performance leading to cost and time over run. Their major reason is the occurrence of external and internal project risks and uncertainties throughout project stages from planning, bidding, contracting to construction. This essay intends to provide a useful insight into the inherent risk into infrastructure projects, and will discuss about the management of these risks. The essay will also enable the reader to understand and application of the key concepts and techniques used in management of risk in infrastructure projects. For the purpose of this essay, Railway Projects in the MENA region is considered. History has shown that railways have always been central to any country’s growth ambitions. Thus it comes as no surprise that the GCC countries have embraced railway networks as their best hope for expanding and consolidating future economic growth. By providing a low cost alternative to shipping and air, the GCC member states allow for increased trade and thus further economic prosperity. As a result of this increased focus, it’s no surprise to find that railway networks account for nine of the ten biggest infrastructure projects in the Middle East. With ambitious plans to produce a GCC wide network within the next decade, the countries are working to develop their own interior networks in preparation. The following Table shows a list of top 10 infrastructure projects (ongoing and planned) in the MENA area.