The Hong Kong tourism industry

The Hong Kong tourism industriousnessPart BAbstractIt is revealed that lofty delve perturbation is a major(ip) global worry in hotel application. The clement resource perplexity in the hotel diligence is facing take exception ab reveal refraining employees and minimizes the disorder target rate. Therefore, it is worth to investigate about the human resource prudence in the hotel diligence.The purpose of this news report is to explore the ram disturbance in hotel industry, and its associated the factors alter the lying-in overthrow and how to manage the labor perturbation. The labor employee turnover in hotel industry is influenced by the attain link up factors, away factors and external factors. harmonise to somewhat statistics, the be of labor turnover in hotel industry is rattling lavishly. Moreover, some retention strategy be propose to pommel the labor turnover ar discussed including rearing, employee penury and employee recognition. Sect ion 1 establishment1.1 Reason for choice of roundThe tourism industry is the leading industry in umteen countries. Hong Kong tourism industry contri b arlying $162.8 billion or 10.8% of gross domestic product in 2009(http//www.gov.hk/en/residents/, http//www.tourism.gov.hk/textonly/english/statistics/statistics_perform.html ) and Thailand tourism industry generate 6.5% of gross domestic product in 2008 (http//www.thaiwebsites.com/tourism.asp). adjustment is an essential element of tourism assistant and it is vital to the quality of the holiday manufacturer contract, as it constitutes a major part of consumption.This study is to investigate the labor turnover in the hotel memorial tablet. It is general kn bear that the cordial reception industry has a major ch all(prenominal)enge about the labor turnover and mental faculty stability rates. These problems argon usually occur in the front-line rung as it is link to a lot of adverse operative conditions in hotel, much( prenominal) as the long functional(a) hours, unstable working schedule and lack of forwarding opportunities. Therefore, many people atomic number 18 non go outing to enter to the hotel industry or some people call for work for many historic period in hotel industry but shift to an new(prenominal) industry beca mapping of those unfavorable working conditions. Besides, the human resource attention in the hotel industry be facing some technical problems about throwing the employees and recruits the right people to select in the right romp. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the factors that manage the front-line employees to retract the chisel. In addition, to discuss what the human resource attention cornerstone do to retain the cater and manage the labor turnover in the hotel governance.An other condition for choosing this topic to study is the generators want to become the human resource charabanc in a hotel. Therefore, it is vital that the author p ee a crown intellectual of what challenges that the human resource management ar facing and to use the specific approach to overcome those problems.1.2Academic objectives of dissertationThis paper aims to achieve the avocations objectivesTo view out what is the meaning of labor turnover and guide an overview of the turnover polish in the hotel industryTo discuss the factors that influence labor turnover in hotel industry.To explain the embody of labor turnover in hotel industry.To find out what the human resource management can do to managing the labor turnover.1.3 draught of sectionsIn section 1, the author talked about her dry land for choice this topic and the major objectives finished this project. In section 2, the authors explained the concepts of labor turnover soon and permit an overview of the turnover market-gardening in the hotel industry. In section 3, the author would explain the factors influence the turnover in the hotel industry and assume an understa nding of the cost of labor turnover. It could help to tape the labor turnover is a serious problem at bottom the industry. Moreover, in section 4, the author wants to make others understand how to manage the labor turnover in the hotel industry. Finally in section 5, would be the summary and conclusion about this project.Section 2Literature review2.1 What is labor turnover? fit to harm (1977, p.15) the terminal turnover is delimitate as the ratio of the number of agreement members who control left during the period being considered divided by the average number of people in that organization during the period and to a fault each clock a position is vacated, a new employee must be chartered and trained. This heterotaxy cycle is known as turnover (Woods, 1995, p. 345). Labor turnover refers to the movement of employees in and out of a business. Labor turnover affects some(prenominal) workers and firms workers whitethorn need to learn new logical argument-specific skills, wh ilst firms incur the cost of hiring and cookery new workers (Brown et. al., 2009). The new workers whitethorn be more senior extremely make and more super skilled. Hence, turnover whitethorn enhance firm instruction execution. However, gritty labor turnover causes problems for the firm as it is costly, inflicts productivity and morale.Labor turnover can be divided into two main types voluntary, where the employees resign of absence of their own free allow, and involuntary, where the employer decides that employment should terminate. Retirement can fall into either year (Boella, 2000). Most often the voluntary turnover arises where some employees leave to duck negative work environment factors and other atomic number 18 pulled away from the organization by more attractive opportunities and Cheng and Brown (1998) say that people quit their tune for many reasons, but most reasons be not related to management. In new-made study, the involuntary turnover can applied to those employees have a pitiful performance or have did some serious mistakes then the organization would encourage them to quit than fire them.2.2 The turnover culture in the hotel industryE veryone knows that the hotel industry is a passing labor-intensive industry but the tall labor turnover is a serious problem in spite of appearance the industry all around the world. Some theorists much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Mobley (1977), Price (1977), Price and Mueller (1986) identified a range of other variables such as requital, communication, social integration, reutilization, role overload, promotional opportunity, training, supervisor and co-worker support, and disseminative justice as having a hearty impact upon turnover.According to the question Griffith University, the primary reason for managerial and operational turnover was voluntary resignation, fol small(a)ed by an internal transfer. Performance related terminations were very small-scale. The main motivating facto rs for executives, managerial and supervisory staff to transfigure byplays, within the hotel industry, were ruin financial aider opportunities and correct working hours. Changing chisels outside the industry was primarily motivated by naughtyer(prenominal) salaries, working hours and better forebodinger opportunities. The data suggests that higher hire and better working hours are the major drivers for managerial employees to leave. Similarly, operational staff seek better takings, better working hours and improved career opportunities.In the pervious years, a small among of staff in hotel industry allow stay for longer than five years but the voluntary turnover is gradually join on compared with the last decades. According to Kennedy and Berger (1994, p. 58) they stated that, in the hospitality industry, the highest turnover occurred during the first 4 weeks (in employment). The cause of turnover is often poor human resource decisions and the unmet expectations of newco mers.2.3 Factors affecting employee feeling to leave in the hotel industryThere are many factors affecting employee turnover. According to a wide accepted though, employees usually quit their jobs because of lack of wages. However, many studies show that at that place are also many complex factors affecting employee turnover other than wage, such as the management of the phoner, frugals, and psychology. In the fol number oneing section, some factors affecting employee turnover are discussed.2.3.1 Work Related FactorsThe work related factors are other factors that will influence the labor turnover in the hotel industry. The following section will mainly focus on the job atonement, apply, working environment, work performance, promotion opportunities and the organization commitment how to influence the labor turnover.2.3.1.1 cable SatisfactionJob mirth is containing the pleasure with buy off, satisfaction with the work itself, satisfaction with the supervision, satisfaction with the promotion opportunities (Khatri et. al., 2003). According to Davis (1981), job satisfaction can be delimitate as pleasantness or unpleasantness of employees while working. In addition, Oshagbemi (2000) has localized job satisfaction as individuals positive emotional reaction to occurrence job. The term job satisfaction is considered an attribute that exists as the equity of a variety of desired and non-desired job-related experiences. It is also defines as the head of fit surrounded by the features of a job and employees expectations. In addition, there are searchers who view that job satisfaction is a result of both employees expectations and aspirations and their existing positioning (Clark Oswald, 1996). When the employees with a lack of job satisfaction they will be quitting the job, and the basal reason is that they expect to have a more satisfying job. On the other hand, if the employees have a high job satisfaction, the organization will be fewer labor turn overs. Price and Mueller (1981) stated that job satisfaction has an verificatory influence on turnover through its direct influence on formation of intent to leave. Another study stated that employees with higher degree of trust would have higher levels of job satisfaction in the hospitality industry (Gill, 2008).2.3.1.1.1 even offAccording to the past study, the average annual wages of hotel are very low compare with the other industries such as the IT technology and command industry. A low starting salary is appoint in the frontline department in the hotel industry such as the housekeeping, food for thought and Beverage and front office. It was shown that dissatisfaction with pay is among the significant factors responsible for turnover (Pavesic and Brymer, 1990 Pizam and Ellis, 1999).Pay is received by the staff and property is equivalent to staffs effort to provide service. The salary, compensation and fringe benefit received by the staff are also the pay. Therefore, if th e pay is increase, it can reduce the labor turnover. The kinship in the midst of pay and job satisfaction has received considerable attention (Churchill, FordWalker, 1974 Lawler, 1995). The pay was the most important job attribute contributing to job satisfaction in the Hong Kong hotel industry. Therefore, higher pay is significantly related to greater job satisfaction. The staff will be more cheery with their job when the demonstrable pay is more than the expected pay.The other situation that causes the staff to be more likely to leave their organization is that when they perceive that they are receiving visit salary but they know the other people elsewhere are offered better pay. Therefore, offering higher wages than competing organization will alter the organization to retain some talented worker.2.3.1.1.2 The work itselfThe work itself is a searing dimension in employee job satisfaction (Luthans, 1992 Lawler, 1995 Qu, Ryan Chu, 2001 Groot Van retreat Brink, 1999) and Glisson and Durick (1988) considered the worker and the nature of the work itself as two important factors affecting job satisfaction. The internal satisfactory factors are related to the work itself, such as feeling of effect, feeling of independence, self-esteem, feeling of control and other similar feelings obtained from work. And the external satisfactory factors such as receiving praise from the boss, good races with colleagues, good working environment, high salary, good welfare and utilities.There is a relationship surrounded by job satisfaction and stress. Barsky, Thoresen, Warren and Kaplan(2004) argued that high level of work stress will be decrease the job satisfaction and in the long knead leaving the organization because workers feel their job duties are difficult to fulfill. Price (1977) divided job stress into four types lack of resources to perform, the amount of workload, the uncloudedness of the role obligations and the role conflict. Those job stresses will also make the employees intent to quit the organization.2.3.1.1.3 The supervisionSupervision, being one of the dimensions of job satisfaction (Rust et al., 1996), is defined from the employee-centeredness perspective, it is manifested in ways such as checking to see how well the underling is doing, providing advice and assistance to the individual, and communicating with the worker on a personal as well as an official level (Luthans, 1992, pp. 121-122). Some information show that, satisfaction with supervisor will influence job satisfaction positively and finally decrease the labor turnover. If the supervisor provide more care and social support to the employees, they will be more satisfy and the turnover will be decrease.2.3.1.1.4 The promotion opportunitiesPrice (2001) stated that promotion opportunities are the authority degree of movement to a higher level status within an organization. The promotion opportunities are also the important category to define the employees are s atisfy or dissatisfy, because promotion opportunities are usually associated with increase the salary.However, the result show that hotel sector are lack of promotion opportunities sooner than not having enough fair promotion policy (Iverson and Derry. 1997). Due to the hotel industry are lack of promotion opportunities, it will reduce the chance to retain the talented employees in the organization. When employees suffering from unfair treatment, they will change their job attitude immediately and may quit in long run (Vigoda, 2000).2.3.1.2 The Organization CommitmentAccording to Pennstate (2006), organisational commitment is the relative capability of an employees attachment or involvement with the organization where he or she is employed. organisational commitment is important because committed employees are slight likely to leave for another job and are more likely to perform at higher levels. There are three dimensions of organizational commitment, which are affective commitm ent, continuance commitment and normative commitment.Turnover literature has consistently effect a strong relationship between turnover and organizational commitment, indicating that employees with low commitment are likely to withdraw from the organization. Alternatively, a positive relationship has been found between organizational commitment and career progress or internal promotions indicating that promoted employees are more likely to exhibit higher organizational commitment.2.3.1.3 Work PerformanceEmployees work performance is another factor affecting labor turnover. According to a study conducted by Jewell and Siegal (2003), it was found that the employees having high performance were not willing to leave their jobs. At this point of view, if the employees having low performance leave their jobs for any reasons, labor turnover is not an important matter for the company. On the other hand, if the employees have a high job performance. Low wages, exclusion from prizes, unsuita ble jobs are also among the reasons causing low performance and high employee turnover.2.3.1.4 Personal ReasonSome employees also leave their jobs because of personal reasons. A principal reason that employees leave their jobs is lack of incentives (Pizam and Ellis, 1999). Employees may simply want recognition or an opportunity in advance. For example, The Ritz Carlton phoner has reduced employee turnover by focusing on quality enlisting, providing better training and orientation, establishing realistic career opportunities and creating long-term incentive and reward systems.2.3.2 demographic FactorMost voluntary turnover models include demographic variables such as age, gender, race, tenure, marital status, number of dependents, and educational activityal experience. However, this paper only focuses on the level of education, gender, marital status and age.2.3.2.1 Level of EducationOne of the major challenges of the hospitality industry is the retention of highly educated employe es. We define highly educated staff as employees who have followed a higher education program at a bachelors or masters level successfully ( Deery and Shaw, 1999). Carbery et al. (2003) noted that those more highly educated managers or non-managers are more likely to intent to make a turnover decision. One research study by (Blomme et. al., 2010), it shows that among alumni of the Hotel School The Hague who are working worldwide has shown that within 6 years after graduation about 70% of all graduates from the hotel school The Hague leave the organization in which they are working. The more highly educated staff will be less easily satisfied with their jobs than those staff with lower education level because the highly educated staff have higher expectations in job status and salary and they may not be willing to join or stay in the hotel industry. In addition, the external labor markets will provide many opportunities for those highly educated people to satisfy their high expectati on on financial benefit. (Wong, Siu Tseng, 1999)2.3.2.2 GenderSome study noted that, the female and male have their particular behavior that would influence the labor turnover. According to a study conducted by(Doherty and Manfredi,200162), it was found that women workers leave their jobs more than men workers, because the roles of women have to taking care of children, having baby in a society and doing house work. In addition, Hersch and Stratton (1997) stated that women, especially married women, spend more time engaged in household activities and are substantially more prepared to quit their job for a family-related reason than men . Some women workers also do not want to return to their jobs after having baby.On the other hand, the study conducted by Tang and Talpade (1999), it stated that males tended to have higher satisfaction with pay than females, whereas females tended to have higher satisfaction with co-workers than males. Its means that women tend to rate social need fully as more important than men such as working with people and being helpful to other. Men tend to consider pay more important than do women.Women often begin their careers with much lower expectations than men do and they are willing to take career risks and change employers to do so.Finally, women workers usually work at the entry level jobs in hotel and accordingly get less pay than their men co-workers. According to a study conducted by Iverson (2000) in the USA, it was found that women managers in hotel got very less wages than men managers whether in the beginning or top of their careers. In a similar study, it was found that men workers got more wages than women workers got (Burgess, 2000). It was also found that in order to balance the wage differences among men and women workers, basic and routine job were given to women workers than men workers.2.3.2.3 Marital StatusAccording to Pizam and Ellis (1999), it stated that marital status could influence labor turnover. Those m arried employees are most irritationed with the balance between their work and family life. Hom and Griffeth (1995),stated that married employees will not want to have a voluntary turnover. Because they have many concerns about the financial needs for their family. If they cannot afford the long and unstable working hours, they will tend to give up the job. However, this issue mostly occurs on women. Therefore, they will have more time for family life and take care of their child.On the other side, the unmarried employees will consider factors related to their jobs such as promotion opportunities and organization commitment more than those married employees (Wong, Siu Tsang, 1999). Therefore, they are less satisfied with their job than married employees.2.3.2.4 AgeIn recent study, Hartman and Yrle (1996) points out that the Generation Y employee mostly creates the labor turnover in hospitality industry. In addition, the study conducted by Iverson and Deery (1997), it stated that y ounger employees have a higher propensity to leave than older employees. The problem was arisen in this decade as the employees born in the baby boomer are retire gradually. The baby boomer is anyone born between 1946 and 1964. They have been through periods of war therefore have less opportunity in education institutions. They tend to demand more stability in their workplace, and they are very loyalty to their employees. On the other hand, the Generation Y employee who was born between the years 1979 and 1994, they can adapt the changes easily and seek a higher standard of life therefore, they consider more about their interest in the work. Furthermore, they usually change their job, as they want to gain more experience and make their life more diversity.2.3.3External FactorsThe external factors are the factors that we cannot control and very difficult to predict. Some of these factors include political shifts, legislation, new or limited regulations, global economic conditions, te chnology changes and major mining disasters.In some study, the hotel industry is quite easily influenced by the global economic conditions. The economic situation could predict most of the labor turnover within the industry. Therefore, the unemployment rate affects the employees perception on job satisfaction. If the economic is down turn, the employees who perceive a high level of job dissatisfaction, they may still stay in organization because they dont want to lose their current job and also the job market is a lack of opportunities for them to get a better job. On the other hand, if the economic condition have improve, the employees will leave the organization immediately to find a better job. Therefore, it may create the high level of labor turnover when the economic have improved. In the afterward part of the literature will focus on how to manage the labor turnover in order to minimize the labor turnover within the hotel industry.2.4 The cost of labor turnoverIn the previous section, some of the critical factors that affect the labor turnover are discussed. The following section will focus on the cost of labor turnover and its impact. Labor turnover is a significant cost to hotel and it may be the most significant factor affecting hotel profitability, service quality and skills training. (Davidson et. al., 2009). The cause of labor turnover is multidimensional, such as low morale, low productivity, low standard of performance and absenteeism.According to the statistics from TTF Australia(2006), the annual cost of replacing managerial employees was $109,909 per hotel and the annual cost of replacing operational employees was $9,591 per employee. The total annual cost of turnover ($49M) equates to 19.5% of 64 surveyed hotels total payroll costs ($250M). Another study stated that the Marriott community alone estimated that each 1% increase in its employee turnover rate, costs the company between $5 and $15 million in unconnected revenues (Schlesinger an d Heskett, 1991).Therefore, the cost of labor turnover is very high.Labour turnover is not only a significant tangible dollar cost but also an intangible or hidden cost associated with loss of skills, inefficiency and replacement costs (Lashley Chaplain, 1999). The direct impact of labor turnover will cause financial suffering such as administrative cost and Lashley (1999) refers to befuddled investment in training and lost staff expertise as particular examples of turnover costs and opportunity costs. For the indirect impacts caused by high labor turnover are lack of manpower, poor quality of service and low morale of employees and also if turnover increases, service quality may decline as it takes time and resources to back fill departing employees, especially at busy hotels (Lynn, 2002).Labour is a significant cost and the leakage of human capital through unnecessary turnover is an element of critical vastness to bottom line performance. A number of HRM practices have been sug gested as potential solutions for turnover, such as investment in training, offering organisational support, adopting innovative recruitment and selection processes, offering better career opportunities (Cheng Brown, 1998 Forrier Sels, 2003 Hinkin Tracey, 2000 Walsh Taylor, 2007 Walters Raybould, 2007) and adopting measures to increase job satisfaction and commitment.2.5 How to manage the labor turnover in the hotel industry?High staff turnover is the common problem in hotel industry, it is also a major factor affecting workplace efficiency, productivity, and hotel cost structure. Labor turnover represents a challenge for contemporary HRM strategies and practices. Therefore, in this section, it will turn to focus on how to manage the labor turnover from the human resources perspective.In the previous section, the cost of labor turnover in the hotel is discussed. The total annual cost of turnover ($49M) equates to 19.5% of 64 surveyed hotels total payroll costs ($250M). The turn over cost are very high, thus the awareness of the importance of employees staying with an organization is evident. Hinkin and Tracey (2000) advocate that hospitality executives who understand the value of human capital and adopt organizational policies and management practices in pursuit of employee retention will outperform the competition. Effectively designed and well implemented employee retention programs that increase employee tenure more than pay for themselves through reduced turnover costs and increased productivity (Hinkin and Tracey, 2000).According to 2500 supervisors, managers and executives within this sector, the top five most important aspects a company can provide to retain their people are as follows communication, Leadership, vocation path, softenment and understanding aspirations and helping the individual towards achieving them.(Baum ,2006) This shows that, the employee are highly concern for this five elements to determine their job satisfaction. Therefore, when HRM design for a retention scheme, they can consider those five elements before their decision.2.5.1TrainingIn organizations where employees receive the proper training needed to assume greater responsibilities, turnover rates are by and large lower. Several studies show that training activities are correlated with productivity and retention (Delery and Doty, 1996 Huselid, 1995 Kallenberg and Moody, 1994 MacDuffie, 1995 Shaw et al., 1998 Terpstra and Rozell, 1993 US Department of Labor, 1993, Walsh and Taylor, 2007 Youndt et al., 1996). Staff is a unique asset in the company. Therefore, many hotel have invest a huge number of money per year for staff development. Because they realize that provide training to their employees would enhance the organization produtivity and improve their job performance. For the long-term purpose, training can solve the problem of high labor turnover in a hotel.Moreover, the hotel industry are now have a general shortage of the middle management s taff. Therefore, the training should be around to develop and train new management personnel. For example, in 2004 Shangri-La Hotel Resorts Shangri-La Academy was born, this is a full-time induction that handles internal training for progression up the ranks. In addition, the world-wide Hotel convention also launched an in-house training center in order to groom their high potential employees to take on managerial positions within their company. Those measures of the Shangri-La Hotel and the Intercontinental Hotel Group is to do the retention of their employees and confront the trend of shortage of see staff and try to minimize the labor turnover.2.5.2 Motivate the employeeStaff motivation is as vital to success as any skill or personal attribute and its also plays a key role in staff retention. Motivation is the process by which a persons efforts are energized, directed, and free burning toward attaining a goal.(Stephen Coulter, 2006482) . Staff motivation is a key element in retaining staff and help them increase the job satisfaction thus the labor turnover rate may be decrease.It is essential for the management of hotels to develop efficient HRM polices and practices that enable them to motivate competent employees who can contribute to the achievement of